| 1. |
- Ballantyne, Kaye N., et al.
(författare)
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Toward Male Individualization with Rapidly Mutating Y-Chromosomal Short Tandem Repeats
- 2014
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Ingår i: Human Mutation. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1059-7794 .- 1098-1004. ; 35:8, s. 1021-1032
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Relevant for various areas of human genetics, Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) are commonly used for testing close paternal relationships among individuals and populations, and for male lineage identification. However, even the widely used 17-loci Yfiler set cannot resolve individuals and populations completely. Here, 52 centers generated quality-controlled data of 13 rapidly mutating (RM) Y-STRs in 14,644 related and unrelated males from 111 worldwide populations. Strikingly, greater than99% of the 12,272 unrelated males were completely individualized. Haplotype diversity was extremely high (global: 0.9999985, regional: 0.99836-0.9999988). Haplotype sharing between populations was almost absent except for six (0.05%) of the 12,156 haplotypes. Haplotype sharing within populations was generally rare (0.8% nonunique haplotypes), significantly lower in urban (0.9%) than rural (2.1%) and highest in endogamous groups (14.3%). Analysis of molecular variance revealed 99.98% of variation within populations, 0.018% among populations within groups, and 0.002% among groups. Of the 2,372 newly and 156 previously typed male relative pairs, 29% were differentiated including 27% of the 2,378 father-son pairs. Relative to Yfiler, haplotype diversity was increased in 86% of the populations tested and overall male relative differentiation was raised by 23.5%. Our study demonstrates the value of RMY-STRs in identifying and separating unrelated and related males and provides a reference database.
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| 2. |
- Nagaraju, D. H., et al.
(författare)
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Charge Storage Capacity of Renewable Biopolymer/Conjugated Polymer Interpenetrating Networks Enhanced by Electroactive Dopants
- 2014
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Ingår i: Advanced Energy Materials. - : Wiley-VCH Verlag. - 1614-6832 .- 1614-6840. ; 4:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Renewable materials are requested for large scale electrical storage, a coming necessity with the growth of intermittent solar and wind renewable electricity generation. Biopolymers are a source of inexpensive materials, in particular through the use of black liquor from paper production, a waste product. Interpenetrating networks of the biopolymer lignosulfonate (Lig) and conjugated polymer polypyrrole (Ppy) are synthesized by galvanostatic polymerization from pyrrole/lignosulfonate mixture in acidic aqueous electrolyte. Methoxy and phenolic functional group present in the non-conducting lignosulfonate are converted to quinone groups. The redox chemistry of quinones is used for charge storage, along with charge storage in polypyrrole. A large variation of the electrochemical activity between lignosulfonates obtained from different sources is observed. The charge storage capacities are significantly enhanced by also including another electroactive dopant, anthraquinone sulfonate (AQS). AQS redox peaks act as an internal reference (standard) to probe the redox electrochemistry of Lig. The synthesized Ppy(Lig) and Ppy(Lig-AQS) electrodes are characterized by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, and atomic force microscopy.
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| 3. |
- Nagaraju, D H., et al.
(författare)
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Green Chemistry Route to the Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles on Reduced Graphene Oxide for Ethanol Fuel Cells Applications
- 2012
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Ingår i: ECS ELECTROCHEMISTRY LETTERS. - : Electrochemical Society. - 2162-8726 .- 2162-8734. ; 1:3, s. F21-F23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we have demonstrated the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles decorated on reduced graphene oxide (RGO-Pd NPs) film via green chemistry route, one pot electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide and palladium ions without using any chemical reducing agents. Cyclic voltammetry in acid medium shows the characteristic nanosized palladium nanoparticles. The RGO-Pd NPs poses very high electrochemically active surface area and shows good catalytic properties for the elctrooxidation of ethanol in alkaline medium.
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| 4. |
- Terenius, Olle, et al.
(författare)
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RNA interference in Lepidoptera : An overview of successful and unsuccessful studies and implications for experimental design
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of insect physiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-1910 .- 1879-1611. ; 57:2, s. 231-245
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gene silencing through RNA interference (RNAi) has revolutionized the study of gene function, particularly in non-model insects. However, in Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) RNAi has many times proven to be difficult to achieve. Most of the negative results have been anecdotal and the positive experiments have not been collected in such a way that they are possible to analyze. In this review, we have collected detailed data from more than 150 experiments including all to date published and many unpublished experiments. Despite a large variation in the data, trends that are found are that RNAi is particularly successful in the family Saturniidae and in genes involved in immunity. On the contrary, gene expression in epidermal tissues seems to be most difficult to silence. In addition, gene silencing by feeding dsRNA requires high concentrations for success. Possible causes for the variability of success in RNAi experiments in Lepidoptera are discussed. The review also points to a need to further investigate the mechanism of RNAi in lepidopteran insects and its possible connection to the innate immune response. Our general understanding of RNAi in Lepidoptera will be further aided in the future as our public database at http://insectacentral.org/RNAi will continue to gather information on RNAi experiments.
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