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- Anderbrant, Olle, et al.
(författare)
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Geographic variation in the field response of male European pine sawflies, Neodiprion sertifer , to different pheromone stereoisomers and esters
- 2000
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Ingår i: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. - : Wiley. - 1570-7458 .- 0013-8703. ; 95:3, s. 229-239
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), is a widespread and economically important forest insect. The sex pheromone communication system of this species has been previously investigated in North America, Japan and Europe, with the acetate or propionate of the alcohol (2S,3S,7S)-3,7-dimethyl-2-pentadecanol (diprionol) shown to be the main pheromone component. In some locations, male attraction either increased or decreased by the addition of the (2S,3R,7R)-diprionyl acetate isomer. However, these studies were made with different batches of synthetic pheromones, with different types of traps and according to different procedures, so the observed differences might not reflect true geographic variation. Here we investigate the geographic pattern of male sawfly response by using identical chemicals, traps and experimental procedures at eight field sites ranging from Japan in the east to Canada in the west. We found an increased inhibitory effect of the (2S,3R,7R)-isomer from Japan and Siberia to Europe. At the eastern sites, increasing amounts of the (2S,3R,7R)-isomer up to and equal to the amount of the (2S,3S,7S )-isomer, did not influence the trap catch, whereas at sites in Europe, as little as 1% of the (2S,3R,7R)-isomer almost completely inhibited the attraction. The response of the North American population was intermediate. The only site in which the (2S,3R,7R)-isomer was essential for the attraction of males was in Siberia. A similar pattern was found for the (2S,3R,7S)-isomer. Both the acetate and the propionate form of the (2S,3S,7S)-isomer were attractive by themselves in Japan, Europe and North America, and neither the (2S,3R,7S)-isomer nor the (2S,3R,7R)-isomer alone were attractive, in the acetate or propionate form. We discuss the significance of our findings for the development of more efficient monitoring schemes and for the causes of population divergence and speciation in the European pine sawfly.
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| 6. |
- Parker, P, et al.
(författare)
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Progress in integrated assessment and modelling
- 2002
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Ingår i: Environmental Modelling & Software. - 1364-8152. ; 17:3, s. 209-217
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Environmental processes have been modelled for decades. However. the need for integrated assessment and modeling (IAM) has,town as the extent and severity of environmental problems in the 21st Century worsens. The scale of IAM is not restricted to the global level as in climate change models, but includes local and regional models of environmental problems. This paper discusses various definitions of IAM and identifies five different types of integration that Lire needed for the effective solution of environmental problems. The future is then depicted in the form of two brief scenarios: one optimistic and one pessimistic. The current state of IAM is then briefly reviewed. The issues of complexity and validation in IAM are recognised as more complex than in traditional disciplinary approaches. Communication is identified as a central issue both internally among team members and externally with decision-makers. stakeholders and other scientists. Finally it is concluded that the process of integrated assessment and modelling is considered as important as the product for any particular project. By learning to work together and recognise the contribution of all team members and participants, it is believed that we will have a strong scientific and social basis to address the environmental problems of the 21st Century.
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| 7. |
- Sasaki, S, et al.
(författare)
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Dexterous finger movements in primate without monosynaptic corticomotoneuronal excitation
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Neurophysiology. - : American Physiological Society. - 0022-3077 .- 1522-1598. ; 92:5, s. 3142-3147
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is generally accepted that the precision grip and independent finger movements (IFMs) in monkey and man are controlled by the direct (monosynaptic) corticomotoneuronal (CM) pathway. This view is based on previous observations that pyramidotomy causes near permanent deficits of IFMs. However, in addition to the direct CM pathway, pyramidotomy interrupts several corticofugal connections to the brain stem and upper cervical segments. Indirect (oligosynaptic) CM pathways, which are phylogenetically older, have been considered to be of little or no importance in prehension. In three adult macaque monkeys, complete transection of the direct CM pathway was made in C4/C5, which is rostral to the forelimb segments (C6–Th1). Electrophysiological recordings revealed lack of the direct lateral corticospinal tract (LCST) volley, monosynaptic extracellular field potentials in the motor nuclei, and monosynaptic CM excitation. However, a disynaptic volley, disynaptic field potentials and disynaptic CM excitation mediated via C3–C4 propriospinal neurons remained after the lesion. Thus the lesion interrupted the monosynaptic CM pathway and oligosynaptic LCST pathways mediated by interneurons in the forelimb segments. Precision grip and IFMs were observed already after 1–28 days postoperatively. Weakness in force and deficits in preshaping remained for an observation period of 3 mo. Indirect CM pathways may be important for neuro-rehabilitation.
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