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- Thelaus, J., et al.
(författare)
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Francisella tularensis Subspecies holarctica Occurs in Swedish Mosquitoes, Persists Through the Developmental Stages of Laboratory-Infected Mosquitoes and Is Transmissible During Blood Feeding
- 2014
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Ingår i: Microbial Ecology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0095-3628 .- 1432-184X. ; 67:1, s. 96-107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Sweden, mosquitoes are considered the major vectors of the bacterium Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica, which causes tularaemia. The aim of this study was to investigate whether mosquitoes acquire the bacterium as aquatic larvae and transmit the disease as adults. Mosquitoes sampled in a Swedish area where tularaemia is endemic (A-rebro) were positive for the presence of F. tularensis deoxyribonucleic acid throughout the summer. Presence of the clinically relevant F. tularensis subsp. holarctica was confirmed in 11 out of the 14 mosquito species sampled. Experiments performed using laboratory-reared Aedes aegypti confirmed that F. tularensis subsp. holarctica was transstadially maintained from orally infected larvae to adult mosquitoes and that 25 % of the adults exposed as larvae were positive for the presence of F. tularensis-specific sequences for at least 2 weeks. In addition, we found that F. tularensis subsp. holarctica was transmitted to 58 % of the adult mosquitoes feeding on diseased mice. In a small-scale in vivo transmission experiment with F. tularensis subsp. holarctica-positive adult mosquitoes and susceptible mice, none of the animals developed tularaemia. However, we confirmed that there was transmission of the bacterium to blood vials by mosquitoes that had been exposed to the bacterium in the larval stage. Taken together, these results provide evidence that mosquitoes play a role in disease transmission in part of Sweden where tularaemia recurs.
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- Brandefelt, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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A coupled climate model simulation of Marine Isotope Stage 3 stadial climate
- 2011
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Ingår i: Climate of the Past. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1814-9324 .- 1814-9332. ; 7:2, s. 649-670
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a coupled global climate model (CGCM) simulation, integrated for 1500 yr to quasi-equilibrium, of a stadial (cold period) within Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3). The simulated Greenland stadial 12 (GS12; similar to 44 ka BP) annual global mean surface temperature (T-s) is 5.5 degrees C lower than in the simulated recent past (RP) climate and 1.3 degrees C higher than in the simulated Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21 ka BP) climate. The simulated GS12 is evaluated against proxy data and previous modelling studies of MIS3 stadial climate. We show that the simulated MIS 3 climate, and hence conclusions drawn regarding the dynamics of this climate, is highly model-dependent. The main findings are: (i) Proxy sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are higher than simulated SSTs in the central North Atlantic, in contrast to earlier simulations of MIS 3 stadial climate in which proxy SSTs were found to be lower than simulated SST. (ii) The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) slows down by 50% in the GS12 climate as compared to the RP climate. This slowdown is attained without freshwater forcing in the North Atlantic region, a method used in other studies to force an AMOC shutdown. (iii) El-Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections in mean sea level pressure (MSLP) are significantly modified by GS12 and LGM forcing and boundary conditions. (iv) Both the mean state and variability of the simulated GS12 is dependent on the equilibration. The annual global mean T-s only changes by 0.10 degrees C from model years 500-599 to the last century of the simulation, indicating that the climate system may be close to equilibrium already after 500 yr of integration. However, significant regional differences between the last century of the simulation and model years 500-599 exist. Further, the difference between simulated and proxy SST is reduced from model years 500-599 to the last century of the simulation. The results of the ENSO variability analysis is also shown to depend on the equilibration.
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- Bryant, Eleanor J., et al.
(författare)
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Relationships among tonic and episodic aspects of motivation to eat, gut peptides, and weight before and after bariatric surgery
- 2013
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Ingår i: Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases. - : Elsevier BV. - 1550-7289 .- 1878-7533. ; 9:5, s. 802-808
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The interaction between motivation to eat, eating behavior traits, and gut peptides after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is not fully understood. Methods: Appetite and hormone responses to a fixed liquid preload were assessed in 12 obese (body mass index 45 +/- 1.9 kg/m(2)) participants immediately before and 3 days, 2 months, and 1 year after RYGB surgery. Subjective appetite and plasma levels of ghrelin, leptin, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were measured for a 3-hour postprandial period. Eating behavior traits were also measured using the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire 18 (TFEQR18). Results: There was a decrease in TFEQR18 emotional eating (EE) and uncontrolled eating (UE) from presurgery to 1 year postsurgery but no significant change in cognitive restraint (CR). These changes occurred independently of change in weight. In addition, there was a reduction in subjective appetite ratings and alterations in appetite peptides favoring an anorectic response. Presurgery EE was significantly related to fasting and area under the curve (AUC) ghrelin; UE was associated with AUC desire to eat, and there was a significant association between fasting desire to eat and ghrelin (fasting and AUC). One year postsurgery, UE was positively related to fasting insulin, and CR was negatively associated with GLP-1. UE and subjective hunger were positively correlated, while the relationship between desire to eat and ghrelin remained. onclusion: The relationships among subjective appetite ratings, eating behavior traits, and appetite peptides in obese patients both before and at 1 year after RYGB surgery may contribute to the reduction in a propensity to overeat (as measured by TFEQR18 factors) and weight loss.
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