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- Natarajan, K., et al.
(författare)
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Optimal locations for second generation Fischer Tropsch biodiesel production in Finland
- 2014
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Ingår i: Renewable energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-1481 .- 1879-0682. ; 62, s. 319-330
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A country level spatially explicit mixed integer linear programming model has been applied to identify the optimal Fischer Tropsch biodiesel production plants locations in Finland. The optimal plant locations with least cost options are identified by minimizing the complete costs of the supply chain with respect to feedstock supply (energywood, pulpwood, sawmill residuals, wood imports), industrial competition (pulp mill, sawmill, combined heat and power plants, pellet industries) and energy demand (biodiesel, heat, biofuel import). Model results show that five biodiesel production plants of 390MWfeedstock are needed to be built to meet the 2020 renewable energy target in transport (25.2PJ). Given current market conditions, the Fischer Tropsch biodiesel can be produced at a cost around 18€/GJ including by-products income. Furthermore, the parameter sensitivity analysis shows that the production plant parameters such as investment costs and conversion efficiency are found to have profound influence on the biodiesel cost, and then followed by feedstock cost and plant size. In addition, the variations in feedstock costs and industrial competition determine the proportion of feedstock resource allocation to the production plants. The results of this study could help decision makers to strategically locate the FT-biodiesel production plants in Finland.
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- Natarajan, K., et al.
(författare)
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Potential expansion of second generation Fischer Tropsch biodiesel production in Finland
- 2012
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Ingår i: NWBC 2012 - 4th Nordic Wood Biorefinery Conference. - : VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. ; , s. 277-278
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Finnish biofuel industry is undergoing a major change in particular second generation Fischer Tropsch (FT) biodiesel production. However, efficient geographical energy planning is essential to optimally allocate the limited natural resources between biomass based industries. Therefore, a decision tool was formulated which includes three different models: (1) a spatial model that estimates the amount of biomass supply and industrial residues available for energy production, (2) an energy demand model calculates the amount of heat and transport fuel that can be delivered to the customers, (3) an optimization model that minimizes the complete costs of biodiesel supply chain from biomass supply to biodiesel delivery at the fuel stations to determine the optimal location, size and configurations of FT biodiesel production plants in Finland. Model results show that five cost-optimal biodiesel production plant locations of 390 MWfeedstock are needed to be built to meet the 2020 renewable energy share in transport (25.2 PJ). The unit cost of FT biodiesel produced in Finland could range between 1.1 and 1.4 €/l2011 without heat sales. © NWBC 2012.All rights reserved.
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- Repo, E., et al.
(författare)
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Lepidocrocite and its heat-treated forms as effective arsenic adsorbents in aqueous medium
- 2012
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Ingår i: Chemical Engineering Journal. - : Elsevier. - 1385-8947 .- 1873-3212. ; 180, s. 159-169
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to investigate the adsorption potential of heat treated lepidocrocites (gamma-FeOOH) towards As(III) and As(V) ions in aqueous solutions. Initially, mesoporous lepidocrocite was synthesized, treated at different temperatures, and characterized using various analytical techniques. During the heating, transformation of lepidocrocite into hematite was observed. The adsorption of As(III) and As(V) was studied by batch experiments and the effects of different operational parameters e.g., adsorbent dose, solution pH, contact time, and the initial concentration of As(III)/(V) (isotherms) were studied. Lepidocrocite treated at 250 degrees C exhibited >99% and 94% adsorption from 50 mg/L As(V) and As(III) solutions, respectively with an adsorbent dose of 2.5 g/L. The highest uptake capacity was obtained for As(III) (55 mg/g) on lepidocrocite without the heat treatment and for As(V) (38 mg/g) on lepidocrocite treated at 250 degrees C, which was assigned to be a mixture of maghemite and hematite. The adsorption kinetic data fitted well with the pseudo-second-order model and the BiLangmuir isotherm had the best applicability to describe the adsorption equilibrium.
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