| 1. |
- Niemi, MEK, et al.
(författare)
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- 2021
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swepub:Mat__t
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| 2. |
- Kamp, I., et al.
(författare)
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The formation of planetary systems with SPICA
- 2021
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Ingår i: Publications Astronomical Society of Australia. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1323-3580 .- 1448-6083. ; 38
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this era of spatially resolved observations of planet-forming disks with Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) and large groundbased telescopes such as the Very Large Telescope (VLT), Keck, and Subaru, we still lack statistically relevant information on the quantity and composition of the material that is building the planets, such as the total disk gas mass, the ice content of dust, and the state of water in planetesimals. SPace Infrared telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics (SPICA) is an infrared space mission concept developed jointly by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and European Space Agency (ESA) to address these questions. The key unique capabilities of SPICA that enable this research are (1) the wide spectral coverage 10-220 mu m, (2) the high line detection sensitivity of (1-2) x10(-19)Wm(-2) with R similar to 2 000-5 000 in the far-IR (SAFARI), and 10-20Wm(-2) with R similar to 29 000 in themid-IR (SPICA Mid-infrared Instrument (SMI), spectrally resolving line profiles), (3) the high far-IR continuum sensitivity of 0.45mJy (SAFARI), and (4) the observing efficiency for point source surveys. This paper details how mid- to far-IR infrared spectra will be unique in measuring the gas masses and water/ice content of disks and how these quantities evolve during the planet-forming period. These observations will clarify the crucial transition when disks exhaust their primordial gas and further planet formation requires secondary gas produced from planetesimals. The high spectral resolution mid-IR is also unique for determining the location of the snowline dividing the rocky and icy mass reservoirs within the disk and how the divide evolves during the build-up of planetary systems. Infrared spectroscopy (mid- to far-IR) of key solid-state bands is crucial for assessing whether extensive radial mixing, which is part of our Solar System history, is a general process occurring in most planetary systems and whether extrasolar planetesimals are similar to our Solar System comets/asteroids. We demonstrate that the SPICA mission concept would allow us to achieve the above ambitious science goals through large surveys of several hundred disks within similar to 2.5 months of observing time.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Wright, Gillian, et al.
(författare)
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The Mid-infrared Instrument for JWST and Its In-flight Performance
- 2023
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Ingår i: Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. - 0004-6280 .- 1538-3873. ; 135:1046
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) extends the reach of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to 28.5 μm. It provides subarcsecond-resolution imaging, high sensitivity coronagraphy, and spectroscopy at resolutions of λ/Δλ ∼ 100-3500, with the high-resolution mode employing an integral field unit to provide spatial data cubes. The resulting broad suite of capabilities will enable huge advances in studies over this wavelength range. This overview describes the history of acquiring this capability for JWST. It discusses the basic attributes of the instrument optics, the detector arrays, and the cryocooler that keeps everything at approximately 7 K. It gives a short description of the data pipeline and of the instrument performance demonstrated during JWST commissioning. The bottom line is that the telescope and MIRI are both operating to the standards set by pre-launch predictions, and all of the MIRI capabilities are operating at, or even a bit better than, the level that had been expected. The paper is also designed to act as a roadmap to more detailed papers on different aspects of MIRI.
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| 5. |
- Cabañero Martínez, Maria Angeles, et al.
(författare)
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Are Polymer‐Based Electrolytes Ready for High‐Voltage Lithium Battery Applications? An Overview of Degradation Mechanisms and Battery Performance
- 2022
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Ingår i: Advanced Energy Materials. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1614-6832 .- 1614-6840. ; 12:32, s. 2201264-2201264
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-voltage lithium polymer cells are considered an attractive technology that could out-perform commercial lithium-ion batteries in terms of safety, processability, and energy density. Although significant progress has been achieved in the development of polymer electrolytes for high-voltage applications (> 4 V), the cell performance containing these materials still encounters certain challenges. One of the major limitations is posed by poor cyclability, which is affected by the low oxidative stability of standard polyether-based polymer electrolytes. In addition, the high reactivity and structural instability of certain common high-voltage cathode chemistries further aggravate the challenges. In this review, the oxidative stability of polymer electrolytes is comprehensively discussed, along with the key sources of cell degradation, and provides an overview of the fundamental strategies adopted for enhancing their cyclability. In this regard, a statistical analysis of the cell performance is provided by analyzing 186 publications reported in the last 17 years, to demonstrate the gap between the state-of-the-art and the requirements for high-energy density cells. Furthermore, the essential characterization techniques employed in prior research investigating the degradation of these systems are discussed to highlight their prospects and limitations. Based on the derived conclusions, new targets and guidelines are proposed for further research.
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| 6. |
- Crona, Beatrice, et al.
(författare)
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Four ways blue foods can help achieve food system ambitions across nations
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 616:7955, s. 104-112
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Blue foods, sourced in aquatic environments, are important for the economies, livelihoods, nutritional security and cultures of people in many nations. They are often nutrient rich1, generate lower emissions and impacts on land and water than many terrestrial meats2, and contribute to the health3, wellbeing and livelihoods of many rural communities4. The Blue Food Assessment recently evaluated nutritional, environmental, economic and justice dimensions of blue foods globally. Here we integrate these findings and translate them into four policy objectives to help realize the contributions that blue foods can make to national food systems around the world: ensuring supplies of critical nutrients, providing healthy alternatives to terrestrial meat, reducing dietary environmental footprints and safeguarding blue food contributions to nutrition, just economies and livelihoods under a changing climate. To account for how context-specific environmental, socio-economic and cultural aspects affect this contribution, we assess the relevance of each policy objective for individual countries, and examine associated co-benefits and trade-offs at national and international scales. We find that in many African and South American nations, facilitating consumption of culturally relevant blue food, especially among nutritionally vulnerable population segments, could address vitamin B12 and omega-3 deficiencies. Meanwhile, in many global North nations, cardiovascular disease rates and large greenhouse gas footprints from ruminant meat intake could be lowered through moderate consumption of seafood with low environmental impact. The analytical framework we provide also identifies countries with high future risk, for whom climate adaptation of blue food systems will be particularly important. Overall the framework helps decision makers to assess the blue food policy objectives most relevant to their geographies, and to compare and contrast the benefits and trade-offs associated with pursuing these objectives.
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| 7. |
- Papp, Joseph K., et al.
(författare)
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A comparison of high voltage outgassing of LiCoO2, LiNiO2, and Li2MnO3 layered Li-ion cathode materials
- 2021
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Ingår i: Electrochimica Acta. - : Elsevier. - 0013-4686 .- 1873-3859. ; 368
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One method of increasing the energy density of Li-ion batteries is to access reversible Li intercalation in conventional layered transition metal oxide cathode materials at high potentials (4.3-5 V vs. Li/Li+), and thus allow more electrochemical capacity per volume of active material. This comes at the cost of increased interfacial reactivity and often results in capacity fade over many cycles. Tracing gas evolution during electrochemical lithium extraction and insertion provides a useful strategy to understand this high voltage reactivity. In this study, we examine outgassing during Li extraction in well-known layered oxides (LiCoO2, LCO; LiNiO2, LNO; and Li2MnO3, LMO). We highlight key differences in the outgassing of each material. Whereas negligible O-2 release is found in LCO and LNO, even with voltage holds at 5 V vs. Li/Li+ O-2 release is found to account for a large portion of the electrochemical capacity and persists over many cycles in LMO. CO2 outgassing is observed to varying extents, following the trend of LMO approximate to LNO > LCO, and is due to a combination of residual solid carbonate oxidation and electrolyte degradation. Taken together, these results show the importance of quantitative analysis in understanding the role of transition metal composition on the chemistry of conventional Li-ion battery materials.
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| 8. |
- Ramírez-Tannus, M. C., et al.
(författare)
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The young stellar content of the giant H ii regions M8, G333.6 0.2, and NGC6357 with VLT/KMOS
- 2020
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 633
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context. The identification and characterisation of populations of young massive stars in (giant) HII regions provides important constraints on (i) the formation process of massive stars and their early feedback on the environment, and (ii) the initial conditions for population synthesis models predicting the evolution of ensembles of stars. Aims. We identify and characterise the stellar populations of the following young giant HII regions: M 8, G333.6-0.2, and NGC 6357. Methods. We have acquired H- and K-band spectra of around 200 stars using the K-band Multi Object Spectrograph on the ESO Very Large Telescope. The targets for M 8 and NGC 6357 were selected from the Massive Young Star-Forming Complex Study in Infrared and X-ray (MYStIX), which combines X-ray observations with near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared data. For G333.6-0.2, the sample selection is based on the NIR colours combined with X-ray data. We introduce an automatic spectral classification method in order to obtain temperatures and luminosities for the observed stars. We analysed the stellar populations using their photometric, astrometric, and spectroscopic properties and compared the position of the stars in the Hertzprung-Russell diagram with stellar evolution models to constrain their ages and mass ranges. Results. We confirm the presence of candidate ionising sources in the three regions and report new ones, including the first spectroscopically identified O stars in G333.6-0.2. In M 8 and NGC 6357, two populations are identified: (i) OB main-sequence stars (M> 5 M-circle dot) and (ii) pre-main sequence stars (M approximate to 0.5 - 5M(circle dot)). The ages of the clusters are similar to 1-3 Myr, < 3 Myr, and similar to 0.5-3 Myr for M 8, G333.6-0.2, and NGC 6357, respectively. We show that MYStIX selected targets have > 90% probability of being members of the HII region, whereas a selection based on NIR colours leads to a membership probability of only similar to 70%.
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| 9. |
- Short, Rebecca E., et al.
(författare)
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Harnessing the diversity of small-scale actors is key to the future of aquatic food systems
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature Food. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2662-1355. ; 2:9, s. 733-741
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small-scale fisheries and aquaculture (SSFA) provide livelihoods for over 100 million people and sustenance for -1 billion people, particularly in the Global South. Aquatic foods are distributed through diverse supply chains, with the potential to be highly adaptable to stresses and shocks, but face a growing range of threats and adaptive challenges. Contemporary governance assumes homogeneity in SSFA despite the diverse nature of this sector. Here we use SSFA actor profiles to capture the key dimensions and dynamism of SSFA diversity, reviewing contemporary threats and exploring opportunities for the SSFA sector. The heuristic framework can inform adaptive governance actions supporting the diversity and vital roles of SSFA in food systems, and in the health and livelihoods of nutritionally vulnerable people-supporting their viability through appropriate policies whilst fostering equitable and sustainable food systems.
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| 10. |
- Tapia-Ruiz, Nuria, et al.
(författare)
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2021 roadmap for sodium-ion batteries
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 2515-7655. ; 3:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increasing concerns regarding the sustainability of lithium sources, due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase, have raised awareness of the importance of developing alternative energy-storage candidates that can sustain the ever-growing energy demand. Furthermore, limitations on the availability of the transition metals used in the manufacturing of cathode materials, together with questionable mining practices, are driving development towards more sustainable elements. Given the uniformly high abundance and cost-effectiveness of sodium, as well as its very suitable redox potential (close to that of lithium), sodium-ion battery technology offers tremendous potential to be a counterpart to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in different application scenarios, such as stationary energy storage and low-cost vehicles. This potential is reflected by the major investments that are being made by industry in a wide variety of markets and in diverse material combinations. Despite the associated advantages of being a drop-in replacement for LIBs, there are remarkable differences in the physicochemical properties between sodium and lithium that give rise to different behaviours, for example, different coordination preferences in compounds, desolvation energies, or solubility of the solid-electrolyte interphase inorganic salt components. This demands a more detailed study of the underlying physical and chemical processes occurring in sodium-ion batteries and allows great scope for groundbreaking advances in the field, from lab-scale to scale-up. This roadmap provides an extensive review by experts in academia and industry of the current state of the art in 2021 and the different research directions and strategies currently underway to improve the performance of sodium-ion batteries. The aim is to provide an opinion with respect to the current challenges and opportunities, from the fundamental properties to the practical applications of this technology.
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