| 1. |
- Caldararu, Octav, et al.
(författare)
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Binding free energies in the SAMPL5 octa-acid host–guest challenge calculated with DFT-D3 and CCSD(T)
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0920-654X .- 1573-4951. ; 31:1, s. 87-106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have tried to calculate the free energy for the binding of six small ligands to two variants of the octa-acid deep cavitand host in the SAMPL5 blind challenge. We employed structures minimised with dispersion-corrected density-functional theory with small basis sets and energies were calculated using large basis sets. Solvation energies were calculated with continuum methods and thermostatistical corrections were obtained from frequencies calculated at the HF-3c level. Care was taken to minimise the effects of the flexibility of the host by keeping the complexes as symmetric and similar as possible. In some calculations, the large net charge of the host was reduced by removing the propionate and benzoate groups. In addition, the effect of a restricted molecular dynamics sampling of structures was tested. Finally, we tried to improve the energies by using the DLPNO–CCSD(T) approach. Unfortunately, results of quite poor quality were obtained, with no correlation to the experimental data, systematically too positive affinities (by ~50 kJ/mol) and a mean absolute error (after removal of the systematic error) of 11–16 kJ/mol. DLPNO–CCSD(T) did not improve the results, so the accuracy is not limited by the energy function. Instead, four likely sources of errors were identified: first, the minimised structures were often incorrect, owing to the omission of explicit solvent. They could be partly improved by performing the minimisations in a continuum solvent with four water molecules around the charged groups of the ligands. Second, some ligands could bind in several different conformations, requiring sampling of reasonable structures. Third, there is an indication the continuum-solvation model has problems to accurately describe the binding of both the negatively and positively charged guest molecules. Fourth, different methods to calculate the thermostatistical corrections gave results that differed by up to 30 kJ/mol and there is an indication that HF-3c overestimates the entropy term. In conclusion, it is a challenge to calculate binding affinities for this octa-acid system with quantum–mechanical methods.
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| 2. |
- Chrysina, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Five-coordinate Mn-IV intermediate in the activation of nature's water splitting cofactor
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 116:34, s. 16841-16846
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nature's water splitting cofactor passes through a series of catalytic intermediates (S-0-S-4) before O-O bond formation and O-2 release. In the second last transition (S-2 to S-3) cofactor oxidation is coupled to water molecule binding to Mn1. It is this activated, water-enriched all Mn-IV form of the cofactor that goes on to form the O-O bond, after the next light-induced oxidation to S-4. How cofactor activation proceeds remains an open question. Here, we report a so far not described intermediate (S-3') in which cofactor oxidation has occurred without water insertion. This intermediate can be trapped in a significant fraction of centers (> 50%) in (i) chemical-modified cofactors in which Ca2+ is exchanged with Sr2+; the Mn4O5Sr cofactor remains active, but the S-2-S-3 and S-3-S-0 transitions are slower than for the Mn4O5Ca cofactor; and (ii) upon addition of 3% vol/vol methanol; methanol is thought to act as a substrate water analog. The S-3' electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal is significantly broader than the untreated S-3 signal (2.5 T vs. 1.5 T), indicating the cofactor still contains a 5-coordinate Mn ion, as seen in the preceding S-2 state. Magnetic double resonance data extend these findings revealing the electronic connectivity of the S-3' cofactor is similar to the high spin form of the preceding S-2 state, which contains a cuboidal Mn3O4Ca unit tethered to an external, 5-coordinate Mn ion (Mn-4). These results demonstrate that cofactor oxidation regulates water molecule insertion via binding to Mn-4. The interaction of ammonia with the cofactor is also discussed.
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| 3. |
- Krewald, Vera, et al.
(författare)
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Metal oxidation states in biological water splitting
- 2015
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Ingår i: Chemical Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2041-6520 .- 2041-6539. ; 6:3, s. 1676-1695
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A central question in biological water splitting concerns the oxidation states of the manganese ions that comprise the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II. Understanding the nature and order of oxidation events that occur during the catalytic cycle of five Si states (i = 0-4) is of fundamental importance both for the natural system and for artificial water oxidation catalysts. Despite the widespread adoption of the so-called "high-valent scheme"-where, for example, the Mn oxidation states in the S-2 state are assigned as III, IV, IV, IV-the competing "low-valent scheme" that differs by a total of two metal unpaired electrons (i.e. III, III, III, IV in the S-2 state) is favored by several recent studies for the biological catalyst. The question of the correct oxidation state assignment is addressed here by a detailed computational comparison of the two schemes using a common structural platform and theoretical approach. Models based on crystallographic constraints were constructed for all conceivable oxidation state assignments in the four (semi) stable S states of the oxygen evolving complex, sampling various protonation levels and patterns to ensure comprehensive coverage. The models are evaluated with respect to their geometric, energetic, electronic, and spectroscopic properties against available experimental EXAFS, XFEL-XRD, EPR, ENDOR and Mn K pre-edge XANES data. New 2.5 K Mn-55 ENDOR data of the S-2 state are also reported. Our results conclusively show that the entire S state phenomenology can only be accommodated within the high-valent scheme by adopting a single motif and protonation pattern that progresses smoothly from S-0 (III, III, III, IV) to S-3 (IV, IV, IV, IV), satisfying all experimental constraints and reproducing all observables. By contrast, it was impossible to construct a consistent cycle based on the low-valent scheme for all S states. Instead, the low-valent models developed here may provide new insight into the over-reduced S states and the states involved in the assembly of the catalytically active water oxidizing cluster.
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| 4. |
- Rapatskiy, Leonid, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of Oxygen Bridged Manganese Model Complexes Using Multifrequency (17)O-Hyperfine EPR Spectroscopies and Density Functional Theory
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Physical Chemistry B. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-6106 .- 1520-5207. ; 119:43, s. 13904-13921
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multifrequency pulsed EPR data are reported for a series of oxygen bridged (μ-oxo/μ-hydroxo) bimetallic manganese complexes where the oxygen is labeled with the magnetically active isotope (17)O (I = 5/2). Two synthetic complexes and two biological metallocofactors are examined: a planar bis-μ-oxo bridged complex and a bent, bis-μ-oxo-μ-carboxylato bridge complex; the dimanganese catalase, which catalyzes the dismutation of H2O2 to H2O and O2, and the recently identified manganese/iron cofactor of the R2lox protein, a homologue of the small subunit of the ribonuclotide reductase enzyme (class 1c). High field (W-band) hyperfine EPR spectroscopies are demonstrated to be ideal methods to characterize the (17)O magnetic interactions, allowing a magnetic fingerprint for the bridging oxygen ligand to be developed. It is shown that the μ-oxo bridge motif displays a small positive isotropic hyperfine coupling constant of about +5 to +7 MHz and an anisotropic/dipolar coupling of -9 MHz. In addition, protonation of the bridge is correlated with an increase of the hyperfine coupling constant. Broken symmetry density functional theory is evaluated as a predictive tool for estimating hyperfine coupling of bridging species. Experimental and theoretical results provide a framework for the characterization of the oxygen bridge in Mn metallocofactor systems, including the water oxidizing cofactor of photosystem II, allowing the substrate/solvent interface to be examined throughout its catalytic cycle.
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| 5. |
- Retegan, Marius, et al.
(författare)
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A five-coordinate Mn(IV) intermediate in biological water oxidation : spectroscopic signature and a pivot mechanism for water binding
- 2016
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Ingår i: Chemical Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2041-6520 .- 2041-6539. ; 7:1, s. 72-84
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Among the four photo-driven transitions of the water-oxidizing tetramanganese-calcium cofactor of biological photosynthesis, the second-last step of the catalytic cycle, that is the S-2 to S-3 state transition, is the crucial step that poises the catalyst for the final O-O bond formation. This transition, whose intermediates are not yet fully understood, is a multi-step process that involves the redox-active tyrosine residue and includes oxidation and deprotonation of the catalytic cluster, as well as the binding of a water molecule. Spectroscopic data has the potential to shed light on the sequence of events that comprise this catalytic step, which still lacks a structural interpretation. In this work the S-2-S-3 state transition is studied and a key intermediate species is characterized: it contains a Mn3O4Ca cubane subunit linked to a five-coordinate Mn(IV) ion that adopts an approximately trigonal bipyramidal ligand field. It is shown using high-level density functional and multireference wave function calculations that this species accounts for the near-infrared absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance observations on metastable S-2-S-3 intermediates. The results confirm that deprotonation and Mn oxidation of the cofactor must precede the coordination of a water molecule, and lead to identification of a novel low-energy water binding mode that has important implications for the identity of the substrates in the mechanism of biological water oxidation.
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