| 1. |
- Eliasson, Jonas, et al.
(author)
-
The Stockholm Congestion-Charging Trial 2006 : Overview of the effects
- 2009
-
In: Transportation Research Part A. - Amsterdam : Elsevier BV. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 43:3, s. 240-250
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Stockholm congestion charging trial in 2006 demonstrated the effects of a full-scale time-differentiated urban road toll scheme. Improvements in travel times were large enough to be perceived by the general public. This was pivotal to the radical change of public attitudes that occurred during the trial and that resulted in a positive outcome of a subsequent referendum on a proposal for making the system permanent. This paper summarises the effects of the trial and analyses to what extent targets were met. Effects on congestion reduction were larger than anticipated, which also resulted in favourable economic and environmental effects. The trial showed that a single-cordon toll could affect traffic within a large area, i.e., not just close to the zone limits.
|
|
| 2. |
- Hansen, Fredrik, et al.
(author)
-
Svenska flygplatser och marginalkostnadsprissättning
- 2008
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This report is commissioned by the Swedish Civil Aviation Authority. The aim is to update the knowledge regarding the price relevant costs of aviation. We distinguish between marginal costs caused by airport activities and those caused by the external effects of pollution and noise. The review shows that vital data is missing regarding the activities and effects of aviation in order to perform solid marginal cost calculations. In the report we have calculated approximative values for two types of airplanes. Marginal costs related to airport services are divided into those related to passenger services and those related to congestion services. We conclude that the Swedish charges are at least twice as high as marginal costs. We do, however, lack any estimation of the congestion-related marginal costs. Regarding the external effects, today's charges concerning the landing and take-off cycle are sufficient although partly mischarged since they only reflect NOx-emissions. Moreover it should be examined if emissions during flying should be charged or not. The conclusion of this report is that more research is needed in this area. This concerns studies dealing with Swedish airports as well as making cost data publicly available.
|
|
| 3. |
- Heldt, Tobias, et al.
(author)
-
Turismens samhällsekonomiska betydelse
- 2007
-
In: Utveckla turistdestinationer – ett svenskt perspektiv. - Uppsala : Uppsala publishing house.. - 9789170053399 ; , s. 53-71
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
|
|
| 4. |
- Nerhagen, Lena, et al.
(author)
-
Cost-effective analysis of local policy measure to improve air quality in Stockholm : an exploratory study
- 2008
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This report is a result of the research undertaken in the project TESS - Traffic Emissions, Socioeconomic valuation and Socioeconomic measures. In this report, we have studied the cost-effectiveness of particulate matter (PM) reductions from local emission sources in the Stockholm area. The input in the analysis is cost and effectiveness data collected from other studies and reports on reductions in emissions from traffic and residential heating. Contrary to other cost-effectiveness studies we have also included abatement measures where the effect is mainly due to adaptations in behavior. One example is congestion charging that we have assumed have a zero cost. We have also investigated the effect of different targeting strategies. Either the focus is on achieving air quality limit values for PM10 or the focus is on improvement in human health. In the first case we have assumed that the aim is to reduce emissions of PM10. In the second case the aim has been formulated as a reduction of the number of years of life lost (YOLL) in the population that would result if we reduce the concentrations of particulate matter in the city. The cost-effective analysis is done with a simple linear programming model. According to our results, congestion charging, a change to low-emission vehicles and installation of accumulator tanks are the least cost abatement measures irrespective of the target used in the analysis. For congestion charging and low-emission vehicles this is due to the assumption made that the abatement cost is zero. Thereafter however, the choice of measures depends on the choice of target. While less use of studded tires is efficient in order to reduce PM10 emissions, this is not a measure that has a large impact on the reduction of YOLL. This result relies on the assumptions made regarding the mortality impact of non-exhaust PM versus combustion PM.
|
|
| 5. |
- Nerhagen, Lena
(author)
-
Hälsoeffekter, påverkar de acceptansen för prissättning av vägtrafik?
- 2007
-
Reports (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Road traffic makes important contributions to the pollution levels in urban areas. Of the pollutants, particulate matter, makes the greatest contribution to the external cost due to their detrimental impact on human health. Economic policy measures such as road pricing can be used for the regulation of traffic, thereby improving local air quality, but there is often a large resistance towards these types of measures. The purpose of this study has been to investigate if it is likely that the health impact of traffic emissions influences the acceptance for road pricing. In this study we have done a literature survey to explore this issue. The conclusion is that it is unlikely that the health impact influences the acceptance. An important reason is that the public knowledge about this health impact is low and therefore the health risks are underestimated. We have also found that there is a need for deeper investigation into people´s knowledge about traffic emissions and their health impact and how this in turn influences their decisions regarding policy measures, such as road pricing that aims at reducing the health impact. The conclusion is that the best method for this would be a so-called Stated Preference study.
|
|
| 6. |
- Nerhagen, Lena, et al.
(author)
-
Luftföroreningarnas externa kostnader : förslag på beräkningsmetod för trafiken utifrån granskning av ExternE-beräkningar för Stockholm och Sverige
- 2005
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In 2002 the external costs of air pollution from the Swedish transport sector were calculated using the methodology developed within the EU-funded ExternE-projects. A comparison of these estimates with those presently in use in Swedish transport analysis revealed important differences, especially for particulate matter. The main purpose of this project was to examine the calculations for Stockholm in the Swedish ExternE-study and based on the findings from this examination propose a method to be used for the cost calculation for pollutants with local impacts. In addition, the methods used for the cost calculation for pollutants with regional impact should be described. In the report, the results are presented in two parts. In the first part, the method we propose for the cost calculation for pollutants with local impact is presented. We suggest that the calculation is based on three components; exposure estimates, effects estimates and values. The product of these three gives the final cost. In this part of the report we also present the approaches currently used to calculate the cost for pollutants with a regional impact. In part two of the report we present in greater detail the findings from the examination of the calculations for Stockholm in the Swedish ExternE-study.
|
|
| 7. |
- Nerhagen, Lena, et al.
(author)
-
Measuring the Health Cost of Traffic Emissions with the Impact Pathway Approach : A Conceptual Framework
- 2005
-
In: EAERE, European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists. - Bremen.
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In this paper we investigate the importance of exposure calculations for the health cost estimation of traffic emissions with the impact pathway approach. We focus on particles and the effect they have on chronic mortality since this have been shown to impose the largest costs to society. Up to now particles have been treated as a homogeneous type of pollutant though research in recent years indicates that in an urban area there is at least three different kinds of particles that are likely to impose impacts on the population exposed. The problem is that the harmfulness and the dispersion differ between different particles. This, together with population density, will make the exposure to particles vary between different areas and hence the cost. In this paper, we develop a model for exposure and cost calculations. With simulations we also investigate the importance on costs of various assumptions used in exposure calculations. The implication of our findings is that the current limit values based on PM10 do not target the emissions that give rise to the largest cost. The current limit values may result in reduction measures that have a small impact on the total cost of the emissions from traffic.
|
|
| 8. |
- Nerhagen, Lena, et al.
(author)
-
The mortality cost of particulate matter due to emissions in the Stockholm area : an investigation into harmfulness, sources and the geographical dimension of their impact
- 2009
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- It has long been recognized that emissions from traffic have a negative impact on human health. In recent years there has been emerging consensus that the main influence is due to particulate matter. From an economic point of view these negative effects are external costs caused by traffic that, if not accounted for in decision making regarding transport, will result in a non-optimal allocation of resources leading to welfare losses. To be able to implement road pricing measures, but also for the evaluation of other control measures through benefit-cost analysis, information on the external cost of traffic emissions is needed. In the Impact pathway approach (IPA), that has been developed in the ExternE projects, the external cost is calculated as the product of exposure, effect and value. In this study the effect we focus on is health impacts (mortality). Regarding particulate matter (PM) there is recognition among the research community that there are different types of PM and that it is likely that their impact on human health differs. Still the current practice is to treat fine PM (which are considered to be most detrimental to health) as equally harmful irrespective of origin. In the TESS project the purpose has been to investigate how important the external health cost of road traffic generated PM is in relation to the cost of other sources of PM. To do this we have both investigated how the exposure varies between sources but also assessed if it is reasonable to assume that the impact differs between PM from different sources. Whether or not to assume that PM of different origin is equally harmful is of particular interest in Sweden where non-exhaust PM makes a large contribution to the concentrations of PM in urban areas. In the project we have used Stockholm as a case study and we have focused on mortality since this is the health impact that has been found to have the largest impact on health cost in other studies.
|
|
| 9. |
- Nilsson, Jan-Eric, et al.
(author)
-
Infrastrukturpolitik på samhällsekonomisk grund
- 2009
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- A government committee, Trafikverksutredningen, has commissioned VTI to review the national infrastructure policy regarding construction and maintenance of roads and railways as well as concerning policies to ascertain its appropriate use. Based on our review, recommendations are given relative to the appropriate organisation of a future infrastructure agency and the ways in which responsibilities for different types of decisions can be split between the political and administrative/agency level in order to enhance efficiency in the use of scarce resources. The report has also been published as Appendix 2 to the official committee report (SOU 2009:31).
|
|
