| 1. |
- Pfaller, M.A., et al.
(författare)
-
Twelve years of fluconazole in clinical practice : Global-trends in species distribution and fluconazole susceptibility of bloodstream isolates of Candida
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Clinical Microbiology and Infection. - : Elsevier BV. - 1198-743X .- 1469-0691. ; 10:SUPPL. 1, s. 11-23
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We determined the species distribution and in-vitro susceptibility of 6082 bloodstream infection (BSI) isolates of Candida spp. collected from 250 medical centres in 32 nations over a 10-year period from 1992 through 2001. The species included 3401 C. albicans, 984 C. glabrata, 796 C. parapsilosis, 585 C. tropicalis, 153 C. krusei, 67 C. lusitaniae, 48 C. guilliermondii, 10 C. famata, 10 C. kefyr, six C. pelliculosa, five C. rugosa, four C. lipolytica, three C. dubliniensis, three C. inconspicua, two C. sake and one isolate each of C. lambica, C. norvegensis and C. zeylanoides. Minimum inhibitory concentration determinations were made using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards reference broth microdilution method. Variation in the rank order and frequency of the different species of Candida was observed over time and by geographic area. The proportion of BSI due to C. albicans and C. glabrata increased and C. parapsilosis decreased over time in Canada, the USA and Europe. C. glabrata was an infrequent cause of BSI in Latin America and the Asia-Pacific region. Very little variation in fluconazole susceptibility was observed among isolates of C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. These species accounted for 78% of all BSI and remained highly susceptible (91-100% susceptible) to fluconazole from 1992 to 2001 irrespective of geographic origin. The prevalence of fluconazole resistance among C. glabrata isolates was variable both over time and among the various countries and regions. Resistance to fluconazole among C. glabrata isolates was greatest in the USA and varied by US census region (range 0-23%). These observations are generally encouraging relative to the sustained usefulness of fluconazole as a systemically active antifungal agent for the treatment of candida BSI. © 2004 Copyright by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.
|
|
| 2. |
- Noterdaeme, J. M., et al.
(författare)
-
Heating, current drive and energetic particle studies on JET in preparation of ITER operation
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 0029-5515 .- 1741-4326. ; 43:3, s. 202-209
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper summarizes the recent work on JET in the three areas of heating, current drive and energetic particles. The achievements have extended the possibilities of JET, have a direct connection to ITER operation and provide new and interesting physics. Toroidal rotation profiles of plasmas heated far off axis with little or no refuelling or momentum input are hollow with only small differences on whether the power deposition is located on the low field side or on the high field side. With LH current drive the magnetic shear was varied from slightly positive to negative. The improved coupling (through the use of plasma shaping and CD4) allowed up to 3.4 MW of PLH in internal transport barrier (ITB) plasmas with more than 15 MW of combined NBI and ICRF heating. The q-profile with negative magnetic shear and the ITB could be maintained for the duration of the high heating pulse (8 s). Fast ions have been produced in JET with ICRF to simulate alpha particles: by using third harmonic He-4 heating, beam injected He-4 at 120 kV were accelerated to energies above 2 MeV taking advantage of the unique capability of JET to use NBI with 4 He and to confine MeV class ions. ICRF heating was used to replicate the dynamics of alpha heating and the control of an equivalent Q = 10 `burn' was simulated.
|
|
| 3. |
- Mantsinen, M. J., et al.
(författare)
-
Localized bulk electron heating with ICRF mode conversion in the JET tokamak
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 0029-5515 .- 1741-4326. ; 44:1, s. 33-46
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ion cyclotron resonance frequencies (ICRF) mode conversion has been developed for localized on-axis and off-axis bulk electron heating on the JET tokamak. The fast magnetosonic waves launched from the low-field side ICRF antennas are mode-converted to short-wavelength waves on the high-field side of the He-3 ion cyclotron resonance layer in D and He-4 plasmas and subsequently damped on the bulk electrons. The resulting electron power deposition, measured using ICRF power modulation, is narrow with a typical full-width at half-maximum of approximate to30 cm (i.e. about 30% of the minor radius) and the total deposited power to electrons comprises at least up to 80% of the applied ICRF power. The ICRF mode conversion power deposition has been kept constant using He-3 bleed throughout the ICRF phase with a typical duration of 4-6 s, i.e. 15-40 energy confinement times. Using waves propagating in the counter-current direction minimizes competing ion damping in the presence of co-injected deuterium beam ions.
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
- Meyer, B. K., et al.
(författare)
-
Optically detected cyclotron resonance investigations on 4H and 6H SiC : Band-structure and transport properties
- 2000
-
Ingår i: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 61:7, s. 4844-4849
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present experimental data on the band-structure and high-mobility transport properties of 6H and 4H-SiC epitaxial films based on optically detected cyclotron resonance investigations. From the orientational dependence of the electron effective mass in 6H-SiC we obtain direct evidence for the camels back nature of the conduction band between the M and L points. The broadening of the resonance signal in 4H-SiC as a function of temperature is used to extract information on electron mobilities and to conclude on the role of the different scattering mechanisms. Under high microwave powers an enhancement of the electron effective mass is found which is explained by a coupling of the electrons with longitudinal optical phonons. ⌐2000 The American Physical Society.
|
|
| 6. |
- Noterdaeme, J. M., et al.
(författare)
-
Spatially resolved toroidal plasma rotation with ICRF on JET
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 0029-5515 .- 1741-4326. ; 43:4, s. 274-289
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plasmas heated by ICRF only in the JET tokamak show distinct structures in the toroidal rotation profile, with regions where domega/dr > 0 when the minority cyclotron resonance layer is far off-axis. The rotation is dominantly co-current with a clear off-axis maximum. There is only a slight difference between a high-field side (HFS) or a low-field side position of this resonance layer: the off-axis maximum in the rotation profile is modestly higher for the HFS position. This is in contrast to the predictions of theories that rely mainly on the effects arising from ICRF-driven fast ions to account for ICRF-induced plasma rotation. The differences due to the direction of the antenna spectrum (co- or counter-) are small. A more central deposition of the ICRF power in L-mode and operation in H-mode both lead to more centrally peaked profiles, both in the co-direction. Strong MHD modes brake the rotation and lead to overall flat rotation profiles.
|
|
| 7. |
- Sauter, O., et al.
(författare)
-
Control of neoclassical tearing modes by sawtooth control
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 88:10
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The onset of a neoclassical tearing mode (NTM) depends on the existence of a large enough seed island. It is shown in the Joint European Torus that NTMs can be readily destabilized by long-period sawteeth, such as obtained by sawtooth stabilization from ion-cyclotron heating or current drive. This has important implications for burning plasma scenarios, as alpha particles strongly stabilize the sawteeth. It is also shown that, by adding heating and current drive just outside the inversion radius, sawteeth are destabilized, resulting in shorter sawtooth periods and larger beta values being obtained without NTMs.
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Nguyen, Son Tien, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Cyclotron resonance studies of effective masses and band structure in SiC
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Silicon Carbide: Recent Major Advances. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Verlag. - 9783540404583 - 3540404589 ; , s. -899
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Since the 1997 publication of Silicon Carbide - A Review of Fundamental Questions and Applications to Current Device Technology edited by Choyke, et al., there has been impressive progress in both the fundamental and developmental aspects of the SiC field. So there is a growing need to update the scientific community on the important events in research and development since then. The editors have again gathered an outstanding team of the world's leading SiC researchers and design engineers to write on the most recent developments in SiC. The book is divided into five main categories: theory, crystal growth, characterization, processing and devices. Every attempt has been made to make the articles as up-to-date as possible and assure the highest standards of accuracy. As was the case for earlier SiC books, many of the articles will be relevant a decade from now so that this book will take its place next to the earlier work as a permanent and essential reference volume.
|
|
