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- Rosser, Z H, et al.
(författare)
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Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language.
- 2000
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Ingår i: American Journal of Human Genetics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9297 .- 1537-6605. ; 67:6, s. 1526-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Clinal patterns of autosomal genetic diversity within Europe have been interpreted in previous studies in terms of a Neolithic demic diffusion model for the spread of agriculture; in contrast, studies using mtDNA have traced many founding lineages to the Paleolithic and have not shown strongly clinal variation. We have used 11 human Y-chromosomal biallelic polymorphisms, defining 10 haplogroups, to analyze a sample of 3,616 Y chromosomes belonging to 47 European and circum-European populations. Patterns of geographic differentiation are highly nonrandom, and, when they are assessed using spatial autocorrelation analysis, they show significant clines for five of six haplogroups analyzed. Clines for two haplogroups, representing 45% of the chromosomes, are continentwide and consistent with the demic diffusion hypothesis. Clines for three other haplogroups each have different foci and are more regionally restricted and are likely to reflect distinct population movements, including one from north of the Black Sea. Principal-components analysis suggests that populations are related primarily on the basis of geography, rather than on the basis of linguistic affinity. This is confirmed in Mantel tests, which show a strong and highly significant partial correlation between genetics and geography but a low, nonsignificant partial correlation between genetics and language. Genetic-barrier analysis also indicates the primacy of geography in the shaping of patterns of variation. These patterns retain a strong signal of expansion from the Near East but also suggest that the demographic history of Europe has been complex and influenced by other major population movements, as well as by linguistic and geographic heterogeneities and the effects of drift.
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| 2. |
- Antti, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Batch statistical processing of 1H NMR-derived urinary spectral data
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemometrics: Special Issue: Proceedings of the 7th Scandinavian Symposium on Chemometrics. Issue Edited by Lars Nørgaard. - : Wiley. ; 16:8-10, s. 461-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multivariate statistical batch processing (BP) analysis of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) urine spectra was employed to establish time-dependent metabolic variations in animals treated with the model hepatotoxin hydrazine. Hydrazine was administered orally to rats (at 90 mg kg-1), and urine samples were collected from dosed rats and matched control animals (n = 5 per group) at time points up to 168 h post-dose. Urine samples were analysed via 1H NMR spectroscopy and partial least squares-based batch processing analysis, treating each rat as an individual batch comprising a series of timed urine samples. A model defining the mean urine profile was established for the control group, and samples obtained from hydrazine-treated animals were assessed using this model. Time-dependent deviations from the control model were evident in all hydrazine-treated animals, and hepatotoxicity was manifested by increased urinary excretion of taurine, creatine, 2-aminoadipate, citrulline and -alanine together with depletion of urinary levels of citrate, succinate and hippurate. The experiment was repeated at six different pharmaceutical centres in order to assess the robustness of the technology and to establish the natural variability in the data. Results were consistent across the data for all centres. BP plots showed a characteristic pattern for each toxin, allowing the time points at which there were maximum metabolic differences to be determined and providing a means of visualizing the net toxin-induced metabolic movement of urinary metabolism. BP may prove to be a powerful metabonomic tool in defining time-dependent metabolic consequences of toxicity and is an efficient means of visualizing inter-animal variations in response as well as defining multivariate statistical limits of normality in terms of biofluid composition.
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| 3. |
- Brindle, Joanne T, et al.
(författare)
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Rapid and Nonivasive Diagnosis of the Presence and Severity of Coronary Heart Disease Using 1H-NMR-Based Metabonomics
- 2002
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Ingår i: Nature Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1078-8956 .- 1546-170X. ; 8, s. 1439-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although a wide range of risk factors for coronary heart disease have been identified from population studies, these measures, singly or in combination, are insufficiently powerful to provide a reliable, noninvasive diagnosis of the presence of coronary heart disease. Here we show that pattern-recognition techniques applied to proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra of human serum can correctly diagnose not only the presence, but also the severity, of coronary heart disease. Application of supervised partial least squares-discriminant analysis to orthogonal signal-corrected data sets allows >90% of subjects with stenosis of all three major coronary vessels to be distinguished from subjects with angiographically normal coronary arteries, with a specificity of >90%. Our studies show for the first time a technique capable of providing an accurate, noninvasive and rapid diagnosis of coronary heart disease that can be used clinically, either in population screening or to allow effective targeting of treatments such as statins.
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