| 1. |
- Adman, Per, et al.
(författare)
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171 forskare: ”Vi vuxna bör också klimatprotestera”
- 2019
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Ingår i: Dagens nyheter (DN debatt). - Stockholm. - 1101-2447.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- DN DEBATT 26/9. Vuxna bör följa uppmaningen från ungdomarna i Fridays for future-rörelsen och protestera eftersom det politiska ledarskapet är otillräckligt. Omfattande och långvariga påtryckningar från hela samhället behövs för att få de politiskt ansvariga att utöva det ledarskap som klimatkrisen kräver, skriver 171 forskare i samhällsvetenskap och humaniora.
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| 2. |
- Bohman, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Effekter av tågtrafik i Västra Götaland : Prisutveckling på småhusmarknaden
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rapporten belyser hur småhuspriser i Västra Götaland påverkas av närheten till järnvägsstationer, och består av huvudsakligen två delar. Den första delen av rapporten innehåller en övergripande analys av hur försäljning av småhus har utvecklats i Västra Götaland under perioden 2002-2016, samt en statistisk analys av hela Västra Götaland för 2015 där olika faktorer inkluderas för att analysera prispåverkan. Med hjälp av en så kallad hedonisk prismodell studeras hur närheten till en tågstation påverkar småhusens pris. Den andra delen består av två fallstudier av en mer deskriptiv karaktär. I den första fallstudien studeras fyra orter i Dalsland, av vilka två orter har tillgång till järnvägstrafik och två orter av jämförbar storlek och karaktär inte har det. Den andra fallstudien fokuserar på de nya stationerna i Göta älvdalen som öppnades för trafik under 2012. Det är området närmast stationerna (inom 10 min cykeltur) i respektive ort som är fokus i fallstudierna. Resultaten visar att närheten till tågstationer har en positiv inverkan på småhuspriserna generellt i Västra Götaland. Antalet avgångar har också en positiv inverkan på prisbilden. Samtidigt dras effekten på priserna ned om fastigheten befinner sig alltför nära stationerna, vilket kan förklaras av negativa externa effekter från järnvägen i form av exempelvis buller. Dessa resultat ligger i linje med tidigare forskning. För de två fallstudierna pekar resultaten på att områden med tillgång till tågtrafik har haft en kraftigare prisutveckling. För orterna i Dalsland har de två orterna med tågtrafik haft en större prisutveckling än de två jämförande orterna som bara har busstrafik. Det är dock inte möjligt att säkerställa att detta beror på enbart tågtrafik, utan det kan även finnas andra faktorer som påverkar. Exempelvis går tågtrafiken längs Vänern, varför de två valda stationerna har sjönära lägen, vilket i sig tenderar ha en positiv inverkan på fastighetspriser. För Göta älvdalsstråket kan man se att prisutvecklingen generellt är kraftigare ju närmare Göteborg stationerna ligger. Sammanfattande punkter: • Närhet till tågstation har positiv påverkan på priset på småhus i Västra Götaland • Fler avgångar vid station har positiv inverkan på småhuspriser • Resultat indikerar en kraftigare prisutveckling över tid i orter med tågstationer • Priset för småhus nära stationer påverkas negativt av exempelvis buller.
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| 3. |
- Bohman, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of regional commuter trains on property values : price segments and income
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport Geography. - : Elsevier. - 0966-6923 .- 1873-1236. ; 56, s. 102-109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using single-family home transactions and commuter rail data from 2014, we estimate hedonic price models using two-stage spatial quantile regression to capture variations across price segments. The results are significant and robust across different model specifications and across the different price segments, but the price effect of proximity to a commuter train station is strongest in lower price segments of the housing market. These price segment effects are also valid for proximity to highways, as well as for several other property attributes. Results also reveal that the largest of the three regional labour markets in our study has a greater effect on prices. Furthermore, the study introduces property-specific neighbourhood data from raster data, showing that population density has a negative impact on property prices at the neighbourhood level while population size has a positive impact at the municipal level.
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| 4. |
- Fjelde, Hanne, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Protection Through Presence : UN Peacekeeping and the Costs of Targeting Civilians
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Organization. - 0020-8183 .- 1531-5088. ; 73:1, s. 103-131
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Are UN peacekeepers effective in protecting civilians from violence? Existing studies examine this issue at the country level, thereby making it difficult to isolate the effect of peacekeepers and to assess the actual mechanism at work. We provide the first comprehensive evaluation of UN peacekeeping success in protecting civilians at the subnational level. We argue that peacekeepers through their sizable local presence can increase the political and military costs for warring actors to engage in civilian targeting. Since peacekeepers' access to civilian populations rests on government consent, peacekeepers will primarily be effective in imposing these costs on rebel groups, but less so for government actors. To test these conjectures we combine new monthly data on the location of peacekeepers with data on the location and timing of civilian killings in Africa. Our findings suggest that local peacekeeping presence enhances the effectiveness of civilian protection against rebel abuse, but that UN peacekeeping struggles to protect civilians from government forces.
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| 5. |
- Fjelde, Hanne, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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The Rise of Rebel Contenders : Barriers to entry and fragmentation in civil wars
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Peace Research. - : Sage Publications. - 0022-3433 .- 1460-3578. ; 55:5, s. 551-565
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fragmentation of armed opposition movements through the rise of new rebel groups constitutes a significant challenge to conflict termination and peacebuilding. Yet, the question of why some rebel movements remain cohesive whereas others see a number of contending groups during the course of the armed conflict has received limited attention in existing research. This article addresses this gap by analyzing the determinants of the rise of rebel contenders in intrastate armed conflicts worldwide, 1975–2013. The theoretical framework focuses on barriers to entry, that is, variations in the costs and disadvantages that must be borne by nascent rebel contenders that are not borne to the same extent by incumbent rebel groups. The study proposes that strong social networks underpinning incumbent groups create structural barriers to entry for nascent groups by aggravating challenges of organization building. It further suggests that the interaction between incumbent groups and the government influences strategic barriers to entry as changes in government policies produce windows of opportunity for nascent groups to form. Consistent with these arguments, the study finds that when incumbent groups have strong networks – because rebels either tap into ethnic networks or draw on a leftist ideology – the risk of fragmentation is lower. Furthermore, when the government accommodates groups, through either negotiations or democratic concessions, the risk of fragmentation increases.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Hegre, Håvard, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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ViEWS : A political violence early-warning system
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Peace Research. - : SAGE Publications. - 0022-3433 .- 1460-3578. ; 56:2, s. 155-174
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents ViEWS – a political violence early-warning system that seeks to be maximally transparent, publicly available, and have uniform coverage, and sketches the methodological innovations required to achieve these objectives. ViEWS produces monthly forecasts at the country and subnational level for 36 months into the future and all three UCDP types of organized violence: state-based conflict, non-state conflict, and one-sided violence in Africa. The article presents the methodology and data behind these forecasts, evaluates their predictive performance, provides selected forecasts for October 2018 through October 2021, and indicates future extensions. ViEWS is built as an ensemble of constituent models designed to optimize its predictions. Each of these represents a theme that the conflict research literature suggests is relevant, or implements a specific statistical/machine-learning approach. Current forecasts indicate a persistence of conflict in regions in Africa with a recent history of political violence but also alert to new conflicts such as in Southern Cameroon and Northern Mozambique. The subsequent evaluation additionally shows that ViEWS is able to accurately capture the long-term behavior of established political violence, as well as diffusion processes such as the spread of violence in Cameroon. The performance demonstrated here indicates that ViEWS can be a useful complement to non-public conflict-warning systems, and also serves as a reference against which future improvements can be evaluated.
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| 8. |
- Jarstad, Anna, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Making and keeping promises : regime type and power-sharing pacts in peace agreements
- 2018
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Ingår i: Peace and Change. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0149-0508 .- 1468-0130. ; 43:2, s. 178-204
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Power sharing is increasingly recognized as an important tool for creating sustainable peace in war-torn societies. However, we have limited knowledge concerning why political, territorial, and military power-sharing pacts are reached and implemented. This article addresses this gap by providing a global study examining the signing and implementation of powersharing pacts in intrastate armed conflicts. We focus on how the type of political regime can influence these choices and theorize about the strategic incentives for warring parties in different types of regimes to sign and implement different pacts. Our large-N analysis is based on data on power-sharing provisions in eighty-three peace accords in forty intrastate armed conflicts between 1989 and 2004. In line with our theoretical expectations, we find that political and military pacts are more likely to be signed in autocracies, whereas territorial pacts are more common in democracies. Somewhat surprisingly, we find no difference in the implementation patterns across regimes.
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| 9. |
- Karlén, Niklas, 1985-
(författare)
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Sponsors of War : State Support for Rebel Groups in Civil Conflicts
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many civil wars are illustrative of wider international tensions and connections that transcend state borders. States often intervene to influence the trajectory and outcome of civil conflicts by providing external support to warring parties. This assistance ranges from direct military intervention to the provision of weapons, training, funds, safe havens, intelligence, logistics and other critical resources. This dissertation contains four individual essays that each seeks to advance our knowledge of state support to rebel movements. The first essays (I and II) add to our understanding of how external state support influences conflict dynamics while the latter (III and IV) begin to unpack the political decision-making process behind decisions that alter the original support commitment. Essay I evaluates whether state support to rebels increases the probability of civil war negotiations being initiated. The findings question a widespread belief among policymakers that support can foster negotiations. Essay II explores if external support influences the risk of conflict recurrence. It finds that state support to rebels can increase the risk of conflict recurrence in the short-term while there is no equivalent effect of support provided to governments. Essay III is the first global analysis of support termination and it thereby opens up an entirely new research field. The results suggest that the causes related to the initiation of support and its termination are largely distinct while the transition from the Cold War and the absence of ethnic kinship ties offer some insights into when states are more likely to terminate support. Essay IV unpacks the political decision-making process of the United States’ support to the armed opposition in Nicaragua in the 1980s and in Syria in the 2010s. The results indicate that adverse feedback functions as a trigger for increasing previous commitments as long as policy failure can be attributed to external actors, while reduced support is often a result of attributing failure to the state sponsor’s own actions. Taken together, the essays make significant contributions to advance our understanding of biased third-party interventions, conflict recurrence, civil war negotiations, foreign policy decision-making and state sponsorship of terrorism.
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| 10. |
- Lindberg Bromley, Sara, 1980-
(författare)
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Keeping Peace while Under Fire : The Causes, Characteristics and Consequences of Violence against Peacekeepers
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Peacekeepers are widely viewed as being at growing risk of direct and deliberate violence. Attacks are recorded in many and diverse contexts, targeting interventions deployed by both the United Nations and other organisations. This dissertation seeks to advance the understanding of such violence, studying its causes, characteristics and consequences. The impact of deliberate violence against peacekeepers can be severe; it often extends past those immediately affected and impacts interveners’ ability to accomplish their aims. As a topic of scientific inquiry, however, violence against peacekeepers has only recently seen a growth in interest, and systematic study has so far been sparse. This dissertation makes a number of theoretical and empirical contributions to this emerging area of research. The dissertation contains four individual essays. To set the stage and provide foundations for further studies, Essay I specifies key concepts and maps the research field to date. It promotes a wider, and arguably more theoretically appropriate, conceptualisation of violence against peacekeepers than used in earlier studies. Essay II presents new, systematically collected event data on violence against UN and non-UN peacekeepers deployed to conflict-affected countries in sub-Saharan Africa between 1989 and 2009. Patterns from the data demonstrate that, while widely prevalent, violence against peacekeepers is not ubiquitous to peacekeeping and displays considerable variation within and across interventions. Drawing on this novel data, Essay III provides one of the first systematic studies on the time-varying determinants of rebel attacks on peacekeepers, showing its occurrence to be closely linked to rebel performance on the battlefield. Finally, Essay IV explores how operating in a challenging security environment can affect peacekeepers’ ability to perform core mission functions, drawing on the case of the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA). The analysis illustrates how such an environment may expose and further constrain already limited capabilities and willingness for robust and armed action in UN peacekeeping operations. Taken together, the essays advance our understanding of the causes, characteristics and consequences of violence against peacekeepers.
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