| 1. |
- Bohman, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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A study of changes in everyday mobility during the Covid-19 pandemic : As perceived by people living in Malmö, Sweden
- 2021
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Ingår i: Transport Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0967-070X .- 1879-310X. ; 106, s. 109-119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sweden's strategy to manage the spread of Covid-19 has not included any form of lockdown, in contrast to the approaches adopted by most other countries. Instead, the strategy has been largely based on strong recommendations for society. Even though Sweden has not had any form of lockdown, the Covid-19 pandemic has during a relatively short period of time brought changes for society, significantly disrupting everyday life. The pandemic poses both challenges and opportunities for sustainable future transport, not least public transport provision, supply and use. The purpose of this study is to investigate how changes for society have translated into changes for mobility as an element of everyday life during the early stages of a pandemic. This study draws on a map-based online survey (public participatory GIS) which was purposefully designed to allow people to contribute with their experiences in order to capture how the current situation has affected several different facets of people's everyday life. Results suggest that effects on mobility, such as the possibility to telework, affect different groups differently and may exacerbate existing differences in terms of gender, geography and mobility. In order to mitigate negative effects, transport policy needs to be tailored in order to take these heterogeneities into account. Both spatio-temporal adjustment and modal adjustment were dominant themes for most activities, although the dominance of these themes varied among the activities. Our findings give an indication of both the short and long-term impacts on everyday mobility in the Swedish context, for groups of inhabitants in the city of Malmö. Through deepening our understanding of the processes at play, we suggest eight possible policy responses that can be carefully tailored, both in the interim and into the future.
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| 2. |
- Bohman, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Borrowed sizes : A hedonic price approach to the value of network structure in public transport systems
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport and Land Use. - : University of Minesota. - 1938-7849. ; 14:1, s. 87-103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Property prices are known to be higher in places with high accessibility, such as in proximity to train stations and especially to commuter rail, than in places without this access. This study provides a better understanding of how regional accessibility, through the structure of railway networks, can influence local agglomeration economies by providing accessibility to large labor markets. Previous literature has shown a positive impact of proximity to railway stations on housing prices, and our study adds to the literature by analyzing the impact of network structure. We argue that public transport systems can support the benefits of city networks in line with Alonso’s concept of borrowed sizes (1973). Using network theory to measure accessibility provided by the network, we show that stations that provide accessibility to large labor markets across the region are perceived as more attractive by households. Cities in proximity to other cities are strengthened through their public transport links, which allow agglomeration benefits to be exploited by residents.
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| 3. |
- Brosché, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Conceptualizing Civil War Complexity
- 2023
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Ingår i: Security Studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0963-6412 .- 1556-1852. ; 32:1, s. 137-165
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Civil wars that appear to observers to be the most complex—even using a colloquial understanding of the concept—are also those that seem to register the most intense fighting, the most prolonged spells of war, and the most resistance to durable conflict resolution. But what does it really mean for a civil war to be complex? We currently lack a concept of “civil war complexity” that can help us better understand the most important variations in civil wars across time and space. To address this gap we develop a conceptualization of “civil war complexity” consisting of three dimensions—“actor complexity,” “behavior complexity,” and “issue complexity”—and demonstrate how they manifest empirically. We also highlight this conceptualization’s utility—and the danger of overlooking it—through the case of Darfur. This conceptualization paves the way for a new research agenda that explores how civil wars differ in terms of their complexity, the causes and consequences of civil war complexity, and how to refine conflict resolution techniques and strategies.
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| 4. |
- Cil, Deniz, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping Blue Helmets: Introducing the Geocoded Peacekeeping Operations (Geo-PKO) dataset
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Peace Research. - : SAGE Publications. - 0022-3433 .- 1460-3578. ; 57:2, s. 360-370
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we introduce the Geocoded Peacekeeping Operations (Geo-PKO) dataset, which presents new data on subnational peacekeeping deployment for all UN missions to Africa, 1994–2014. The Geo-PKO dataset is the most comprehensive dataset of its kind and enables scholars to address new questions about peacekeeping operations and their effects by exploring variations in peacekeeping at the subnational level. The dataset offers information on several key features of peacekeeping deployment at the local level, such as data on the size of deployments and how these vary over time, as well as information on the location of mission headquarters, the type of peacekeepers deployed, and which troop-contributing countries deploy to each location. This article describes the data collection process and illustrates some of the many utilities of this dataset for the scholarly community. For example, we show that peacekeeping troops are able to reduce battle-related violence in areas with high road density, suggesting that peacekeepers’ ability to project their power is stronger when they can increase their reach and more easily patrol larger territories. Hence, our data can fruitfully be combined with information such as socio-economic, geographical or demographic characteristics, to further explore how peacekeeping operations can contribute to peace and security in the areas where they operate. By providing fine-grained data on the location of peacekeepers across time and space, the Geo-PKO dataset should help facilitate important inquires that can push the research agenda on peacekeeping forward.
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| 5. |
- Elfversson, Emma, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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The pursuit of inclusion : Conditions for civil society inclusion in peace processes in communal conflicts in Kenya
- 2022
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Ingår i: Cooperation and Conflict. - : Sage Publications. - 0010-8367 .- 1460-3691. ; 57:2, s. 171-190
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Why are some peace processes in communal conflicts more inclusive of civil society actors than others? Inclusion of civil society actors, such as churches and religious leaders, women’s organizations, or youth groups, is seen as important for normative reasons, and studies also suggest that civil society inclusion can improve the prospects for durable peace. Yet, we have a very limited understanding of why we observe inclusion in some communal conflicts but not others. We address this gap by theorizing about various forms of civil society inclusion in local peace processes, and examining to what extent involvement by different types of third-party actors—governments, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), and non-governmental organizations (NGOs)—may contribute to inclusion. Empirically, we draw on a combination of cross-case and in-depth data covering peace negotiations in communal conflicts in Kenya. The findings show that civil society was less frequently included as facilitators when the government was involved as a third party, while inclusion in the form of direct participation of civil society in negotiations, or via involvement in the implementation phase, was equally common across different types of third-party actors. Our study thus provides important new insights regarding how inclusion plays out in communal conflicts.
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| 6. |
- Eschmann, Nathanael, et al.
(författare)
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Better together? : Civil society coordination during peace negotiations
- 2023
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Ingår i: Cooperation and Conflict. - : Sage Publications. - 0010-8367 .- 1460-3691. ; 58:1, s. 42-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extensive research has been conducted in the field of peacebuilding concerning the role of civil society in peace negotiations. However, although research has stressed the importance of coordination among civil society groups, we have limited knowledge concerning the impact civil society coordination can have on the content of a peace agreement. This article addresses this gap by examining how the extent of coordination among civil society groups during peace negotiations influences the reflectiveness of a peace agreement in regard to civil society viewpoints. We argue that a high extent of coordination, where civil society actors coordinate tasks and spearhead viewpoints together, can help facilitate peace agreements that are more reflective of civil society group views. Based on a comparative analysis of Guatemala and El Salvador, the findings show that whereas coordination between different civil society groups was quite extensive in both peace processes, civil society viewpoints were inscribed into the peace agreement to a larger extent in the Guatemalan case. We identify two factors that contribute in shaping how coordination influences the content of peace accords: symmetrical transfer of information, and openness from the negotiation parties to consider suggestions from civil society.
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| 7. |
- Hultman, Lisa, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Employing Local Peacekeeping Data to Forecast Changes in Violence
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Interactions. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0305-0629 .- 1547-7444. ; 48:4, s. 823-840
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One way of improving forecasts is through better data. We explore how much we can improve predictions of conflict violence by introducing data reflecting third-party efforts to manage violence. By leveraging new sub-national data on all UN peacekeeping deployments in Africa, 1994–2020, from the Geocoded Peacekeeping (Geo-PKO) dataset, we predict changes in violence at the local level. The advantage of data on peacekeeping deployments is that these vary over time and space, as opposed to many structural variables commonly used. We present two peacekeeping models that contain several local peacekeeping features, each with a separate set of additional variables that form the respective benchmark. The mean errors of our predictions only improve marginally. However, comparing observed and predicted changes in violence, the peacekeeping features improve our ability to identify the correct sign of the change. These results are particularly strong when we limit the sample to countries that have seen peacekeeping deployments. For an ambitious forecasting project, like ViEWS, it may thus be highly relevant to incorporate fine-grained and frequently updated data on peacekeeping troops.
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| 8. |
- Höglund, Kristine, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Violence and Peace Processes
- 2022. - 3rd
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Ingår i: Contemporary Peacemaking. - : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9783030829612 - 9783030829629 ; , s. 289-306
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Car bombings, kidnappings, political assassinations, conventional battles and street protests. These are all types of violence that can occur conjointly with efforts to negotiate and implement peace. This chapter addresses the role of violence as an influence on peace negotiations. We look at its main characteristics in terms of the actors involved, targets and motives, as well as chart the main modes by which domestic and international actors seek to prevent and stop violence that threaten to undermine peace efforts.
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| 9. |
- Larsson Gebre-Medhin, David, 1985-
(författare)
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Compliance with Territorial Awards : Territorial Concessions, Domestic Constraints, and International Legal Rulings
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Under what conditions do states engaged in interstate territorial disputes comply with unfavorable international legal awards? Interstate territorial disputes have proven to be a major threat to international peace and security. Of the available options for the peaceful resolution of territorial claims, legal dispute resolution has proven to be very effective, as states overwhelmingly comply with international awards. However, despite the relevance of legal dispute resolution, we have limited knowledge about it, especially concerning how and when states choose to comply with unfavorable legal rulings. This dissertation examines the extent to which one of the most influential approaches to legal dispute resolution – domestic-constraints theory – is able to explain the compliance behavior of states which have “lost in court.” Extant research has suggested that international legal processes facilitate the reduction of domestic constraints on territorial concessions, enabling dispute resolution through compliance with international rulings. Yet no study so far has systematically traced whether legal processes indeed influence the domestic politics of territorial concession-making, or the extent to which compliance behavior is linked to domestic constraints. Employing a qualitative case-study design, this dissertation traces three implementation processes of awards that required salient territorial concessions. The cases examined are Israel, 1984–1989 (concerning the Taba dispute with Egypt); Nigeria, 1994–2008 (concerning the Bakassi dispute with Cameroon); and Ethiopia, 1998–2007 (concerning the Badme dispute with Eritrea). This study finds support for domestic-constraints theory as an explanation for compliance behavior. The findings show that domestic constraints pose a sufficient obstacle to compliance with territorial concessions, but that legal processes can facilitate attempts by governments to overcome such domestic obstacles, thereby enabling the implementation of legally ruled territorial losses. This study contributes to the research on territorial dispute resolution in particular by confirming and developing our understanding of how legal dispute resolution helps to solve high-salience territorial claims, specifically as a remedy for domestic obstacles to settlement. On a more general level, the results also speak to the ability of international law to influence state behavior in foreign relations.
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| 10. |
- Manjate, Alice, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Laboratory-based evaluation of the 4th-generation AlereTM HIV Combo rapid point-of-care test
- 2024
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 19:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Mozambique is a high-prevalence country for HIV and early detection of new HIV infections is crucial for control of the epidemic. We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the 4th-generation rapid diagnostic test (RDT) AlereTM HIV Combo in detecting acute and seroconverted HIV-infection, among sexually-active women attending three clinical health centers in Maputo, Mozambique.METHODS: Women aged 14-55 years (n = 920) seeking care at the Mavalane Health Area, Maputo (February 2018-January 2019) were included, and blood specimens sampled. Sociodemographic and sexual behavior data were collected. Point-of-care HIV testing was performed using Alere DetermineTM HIV-1/2 and Uni-GoldTM HIV-1/2. All samples were also tested using Enzygnost® HIV Integral 4 and Innotest® HIV Antigen mAb in laboratory. The 4th-generation RDT AlereTM HIV Combo was evaluated on serum samples in the laboratory. Finally, Innotest® HIV Antigen mAb, Enzygnost® HIV Integral 4 (Ag/Ab), and HIV RNA quantification acted as gold standard assays in the evaluation of AlereTM HIV Combo test for HIV antigen detection (in clinical samples and in three HIV-1 seroconversion panels).RESULTS: The antibody component of the 4th generation AlereTM HIV Combo RDT demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 100% examining clinical samples. However, the test did not detect HIV p24 antigen in any clinical samples, while Innotest® HIV Antigen mAb, verified by Enzygnost® HIV Integral 4 (Ag/Ab) and/or HIV RNA quantification, detected HIV antigen in six clinical samples. Furthermore, the AlereTM HIV Combo RDT had a low sensitivity in the detection of HIV p24 antigen in seroconversion panels. The HIV prevalence among the examined women was 17.8%.CONCLUSIONS: The 4th-generation RDT AlereTM HIV Combo showed similar sensitivity to the 3rd-generation RDTs to detect seroconverted HIV-infections. However, the sensitivity for detection of HIV p24 antigen and diagnosing acute HIV infections, before seroconversion, was low. There is an urgent need to develop and evaluate simple and affordable POC tests with high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing individuals with acute HIV infection in resource-limited settings with high HIV prevalence.
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