| 1. |
- Chen, Qi, et al.
(författare)
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Lipoprotein receptor mediated metabolism of 14C arachidonic acid labelled chylomicron remnants by Hep G2 cells
- 1992
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Ingår i: Lipids. - 0024-4201. ; 27:9, s. 664-668
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During lipolysis of chylomicron triacylglycerol by lipoprotein lipase, arachidonic acid (AA) esters are hydrolyzed at a slower rate than the predominant 16-18 carbon fatty acid esters. The further metabolism of the AA that is hereby enriched in the chylomicron remnant acylglycerols has not been investigated. In the present study, we examined the low density lipoprotein (LDL) dependent and independent metabolism of [14C]AA present in chylomicron remnants in the human hepatoma cell line Hep G2. Mesenteric duct cannulated rats were fed [14C]AA and [3H]cholesterol in corn oil, and the chyle obtained was injected intravenously into hepatectomized rats to form chylomicron remnants labeled with [14C]AA in the triacylglycerol (TG) and with 3H in the cholesteryl ester portion. The remnants were then incubated with Hep G2 cells. The uptake of [14C]AA within 2-4 h was similar to that of [3H]cholesteryl ester. After uptake into the cells, [14C]AA was preferentially incorporated into phospholipids, a high proportion being found in phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol. [14C]AA and [3H]cholesteryl ester uptake were influenced to similar extents by factors unknown to regulate the LDL receptor and by an anti-LDL receptor antibody. Addition of compactin thus increased the uptake of [14C]AA by 50% in 4 h and mevalonolactone decreased the uptake by 86%. Using an anti-LDL receptor antibody, 25.0% of [3H]cholesterol/cholesteryl ester and 37.7% of [14C]AA binding to the cells at 4 degrees C were blocked. There was no lipolysis of [14C]TG or [14C]diacylglycerol by lipase secreted into the medium during incubations.
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| 2. |
- Gullberg, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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Incidence of hip fractures in Malmo, Sweden (1950-1991)
- 1993
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Ingår i: Bone. - 1873-2763. ; 14:Suppl. 1, s. 23-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a 24-year sub-sample taken from a 42-year period of study (1950-1991), hip fracture incidence was analysed from a defined catchment area within one hospital. During this time, 8,256 hip fractures occurred in a generated risk population of 1,915,571 person-years. Crude incidence increased three-fold in women and five-fold in men. In men, the age-specific increase was twice as large as the age drift. In women, the two components were of equal size. The more marked increase in men caused the female:male ratio to decrease from 4.2 in 1950 to 2.4 in 1991. In men, all age classes experienced a significant yearly increase (1.6% in the 50-59 age group, 3.9% over the age of 80). In women, only the 70-79 and 80+ age groups showed a significant increase (1.4%, 2.3%). In the age-standardised curve, a levelling off occurred during the mid-80s. In women, this was attributable to changes in climate during wintertime. In men, no significant association was found with temperature. The age-standardised curve followed an approximate linear trend with an increase of 6.4/100,000/year in women and 4.9/100,000/year in men. The cumulative rate for the age group 50-79 years doubled in men but increased only by one-third in women. The impact of increasing incidence in men compared with women is discussed using an osteoporosis model consisting of base risk, senile risk, and post-menopausal risk.
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| 3. |
- Hellquist, Henrik B., et al.
(författare)
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Salivary duct carcinoma : a highly aggressive salivary gland tumour with overexpression of c-erbB-2
- 1994
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Ingår i: Journal of Pathology. - West Sussex, United Kingdom : John Wiley & Sons. - 0022-3417 .- 1096-9896. ; 172:1, s. 35-44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The clinicopathological and immunocytochemical features of nine cases of salivary duct carcinoma are described. This relatively rare tumour, which only recently has been widely recognized as a separate entity, is highly malignant and caused the death in eight of the patients. The tumour cells are arranged in cribriform and solid growth patterns, where the solid tumour nests frequently have comedo necrosis, and a fibrous, often sclerotic, stroma is present. The infiltrating desmoplasmic component and the diffuse invasive growth into adjacent adipose parotid tissue have similarities to ductal breast carcinoma. Immunocytochemical investigation of salivary duct carcinoma showed constant overexpression of c-erbB-2 as detected by membrane accentuation, and high proliferative activity as detected by nuclear positivity for MIB 1 (Ki-67). Changes in the expression of p53 and retinoblastoma gene product do not constitute a constant event in salivary duct carcinoma. A few of the tumours showed scattered cells with distinct nuclear positivity for both progesterone and oestrogen receptors. We emphasize that this highly malignant salivary gland tumour has a characteristic morphology, may not be as rare as previously considered, and that prompt and aggressive therapy is needed.
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| 4. |
- Nilsson, Henrik
(författare)
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A declarative approach to debugging for lazy functional languages
- 1994
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Debugging programs written in lazy functional languages is difficult, and there are currently no realistic, general purpose debugging tools available. The basic problem is that computations in general do not take place in the order one might expect. Furthermore, lazy functional languages to a large extent free programmers from concerns regarding operational issues such as evaluation order, i.e. they are ‘declarative’. Debugging should therefore take place at the same, high level of abstraction. Thus, we propose to use algorithmic debugging for lazy functional languages, since this technique allows the user to focus on the declarative semantics of a program.However, algorithmic debugging is based on tracing, and since the trace reflects the operational behaviour of the traced program, the trace should be transformed to abstract away these details if we wish to debug as declaratively as possible. We call this transformation strictification, because it makes the trace more like a trace from a strict language.In this thesis, we present a strictifying algorithmic debugger for a small lazy functional language, and some experience from using it. We also discuss its main shortcomings, and outline a number of ideas for building a more realistic debugger. The single most pressing problem is the size of a complete trace. We propose to use a piecemeal tracing scheme to overcome this, by which only a part of the trace is stored at any one time, other parts being created on demand by re-executing the program.
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| 5. |
- Nilsson, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Algorithmic debugging for lazy functional languages
- 1992
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Ingår i: Programming Language Implementation and Logic Programming. - Berlin/Heidelberg : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 3540558446 ; , s. 385-399
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lazy functional languages have non-strict semantics and are purely declarative, i.e. they support the notion of referential transparency and are devoid of side effects. Traditional debugging techniques are, however, not suited for lazy functional languages since computations generally do not take place in the order one might expect. Since algorithmic debugging allows the user to concentrate on the declarative aspects of program semantics, and will semi-automatically find functions containing bugs, we propose to use this technique for debugging lazy functional programs. In this paper we present an algorithmic debugger for a lazy functional language and some experience in using it. Because of the non-strict semantics of lazy functional languages, arguments to functions are in general partially evaluated expressions. The user is, however, usually more concerned with the values that these expressions represent. We address this problem by providing the user with a strictified view of the execution trace whenever possible.
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| 6. |
- Nilsson, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Declarative Algorithmic Debugging for Lazy Functional Languages
- 1994
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Ingår i: Journal of functional programming (Print). - : Cambridge University Press. - 0956-7968 .- 1469-7653. ; 4:3, s. 337-370
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lazy functional languages are declarative and allow the programmer to write programs where operational issues such as the evaluation order are left implicit. It is desirable to maintain a declarative view also during debugging so as to avoid burdening the programmer with operational details, for example concerning the actual evaluation order which tends to be difficult to follow. Conventional debugging techniques focus on the operational behaviour of a program and thus do not constitute a suitable foundation for a general-purpose debugger for lazy functional languages. Yet, the only readily available, general-purpose debugging tools for this class of languages are simple, operational tracers. This thesis presents a technique for debugging lazy functional programs declaratively and an efficient implementation of a declarative debugger for a large subset of Haskell. As far as we know, this is the first implementation of such a debugger which is sufficiently efficient to be useful in practice. Our approach is to construct a declarative trace which hides the operational details, and then use this as the input to a declarative (in our case algorithmic) debugger. The main contributions of this thesis are: A basis for declarative debugging of lazy functional programs is developed in the form of a trace which hides operational details. We call this kind of trace the Evaluation Dependence Tree (EDT). We show how to construct EDTs efficiently in the context of implementations of lazy functional languages based on graph reduction. Our implementation shows that the time penalty for tracing is modest, and that the space cost can be kept below a user definable limit by storing one portion of the EDT at a time. Techniques for reducing the size of the EDT are developed based on declaring modules to be trusted and designating certain functions as starting-points for tracing. We show how to support source-level debugging within our framework. A large subset of Haskell is handled, including list comprehensions. Language implementations are discussed from a debugging perspective, in particular what kind of support a debugger needs from the compiler and the run-time system. We present a working reference implementation consisting of a compiler for a large subset of Haskell and an algorithmic debugger. The compiler generates fairly good code, also when a program is compiled for debugging, and the resource consumption during debugging is modest. The system thus demonstrates the feasibility of our approach
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| 7. |
- Nilsson, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Laser-induced fluorescence in malignant and normal tissue in mice injected with two different carotenoporphyrins
- 1994
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Ingår i: British Journal of Cancer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0007-0920 .- 1532-1827. ; 70:5, s. 873-879
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) was used to characterise the localisation of an intravenously administered trimethylated carotenoporphyrin [CP(Me)3] and a trimethoxylated carotenoporphyrin [CP(OMe)3] in an intramuscularly transplanted malignant tumour (MS-2 fibrosarcoma) and healthy muscle in female Balb/c mice, 3, 24, 48 and 96 h post injection. The fluorescence was induced with a dye laser pumped by a nitrogen laser, emitting light at 425 nm. The fluorescence spectra were recorded in the region 455-760 nm using a polychromator equipped with an image-intensified CCD camera. The tumour/peritumoral muscle ratio was about 5:1 for CP(Me)3 and about 6:1 for CP(OMe)3 in terms of the background-free fluorescence intensity, which peaked at about 655 nm. By including the endogenous tissue fluorescence, the contrast was further enhanced by a factor of approximately 2.
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| 8. |
- Nilsson, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Lazy algorithmic debugging : Ideas for practical implementation
- 1993
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Ingår i: Automated and Algorithmic Debugging. - : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 9783540574170 - 9783540481416 ; , s. 117-134
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lazy functional languages have non-strict semantics and are purely declarative, i.e. they support the notion of referential transparency and are devoid of side effects. Traditional debugging techniques are, however, not suited for lazy functional languages since computations generally do not take place in the order one might expect. Since algorithmic debugging allows the user to concentrate on the declarative aspects of program semantics, and will semi-automatically find functions containing bugs, we propose to use this technique for debugging lazy functional programs. Our earlier work showed that this is a promising approach. However, the current version of our debugger has severe implementational problems, e.g. too large trace size and too many questions asked. This paper suggests a number of techniques for overcoming these problems, at least partially. The key techniques are immediate strictification and piecemeal tracing.
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| 9. |
- Nilsson, Lisbet, et al.
(författare)
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Renal arteriovenous shunting in rejecting allograft, hydronephrosis, or haemorrhagic hypotension in the rat
- 1994
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Ingår i: Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1460-2385. ; 9:11, s. 1634-1639
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We studied the occurrence of arteriovenous (A-V) shunting in three experimental rat models, namely in rejecting allograft kidney, in uni- or bilateral ureteral obstruction, and in haemorrhagic hypotension. Isografted or sham-operated rats served as controls. Radiolabelled microspheres were injected into the renal artery and the increase in the amount of radioactivity in the lungs was considered to reflect A-V shunting in the kidney. In animals exposed to haemorrhage, with a blood pressure not less than 70% of the initial blood pressure, practically no shunting was seen. When animals were bled to a hypotension beyond the autoregulation, A-V shunting occurred inversely correlated to the degree of hypotension. In ureteral obstruction, a less marked but significant increase in shunting of microspheres to the lungs was found after 24 h of unilateral obstruction, irrespective of whether the spheres were injected into the obstructed or the contralateral kidney. Significant A-V shunting during the allograft rejection process was also demonstrated. Histologically, microspheres were found in afferent arterioles less frequently in kidneys with A-V shunting than in controls. These results indicate that A-V shunting is involved in haemorrhagic hypotension, renal graft rejection, and hydronephrosis. In the latter situation A-V shunting is probably regulated by a humoral factor. © 1994 European Dialysis and Transplant Association-European Renal Association.
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| 10. |
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