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| 2. |
- Isacsson, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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An Experimental Comparison of Track Allocation Mechanisms in the Railway Industry
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. - 0022-5258 .- 1754-5951. ; 37:3, s. 353-382
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The capacity of railway tracks is a scarce commodity that is, by nature, more complex than many other commodities. This paper presents results from a series of economic testbed experiments on the performance of different auctioning mechanisms for allocating track capacity between competing users. The auction mechanism will not only decide the price, it also serves to define the commodities (the particular departure–arrival time slots) demanded, and selects which of these are sold. Four combinations of pricing and stopping rules are compared. Realised allocations are very efficient for all four combinations and also generate approximately equal revenue. The research provides input for the process of re-regulating an industry undergoing profound institutional change.
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| 3. |
- Johansson, Per, et al.
(författare)
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An Economic Analysis of Track Maintenance Costs
- 2004
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Ingår i: Transport Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0967-070X .- 1879-310X. ; 11:3, s. 277-286
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The costs for maintaining different track units are analyzed using Swedish and Finnish railway data for the years 1994-1996 and 1997-1999, respectively. To derive insights on the logic of spending on track maintenance, the analysis is based on few a priori assumptions about underlying structures. We provide indications of scale economies in track maintenance with respect to traffic load and calculate a policy-relevant derivative value, i.e. the marginal cost of track use. The paper points to the type of data that has to be compiled in order to implement a recent Directive of the European Commission in a consistent way.
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| 4. |
- Lunander, Anders, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Taking the Lab to the Field : Experimental Tests of Alternative Mechanisms to Procure Multiple Contracts
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Regulatory Economics. - : Springer. - 0922-680X .- 1573-0468. ; 25:1, s. 39-58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The first part of the paper reports the results from a sequence of laboratory experiments comparing the bidding behavior for multiple contracts in three different sealed bid auction mechanisms; first-price simultaneous, first-price sequential and first-price combinatorial bidding. The design of the experiment is based on experiences from a public procurement auction of road markings in Sweden. Bidders are asymmetric in their cost functions; some exhibit decreasing average costs of winning more than one contract, whereas other bidders have increasing average cost functions. The combinatorial bidding mechanism is demonstrated to be most efficient. The second part of the paper describes how the lab experiment was followed up by a field test of a combinatorial procurement auction of road markings.
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| 5. |
- Nilsson, Bengt-Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Morbidity does not influence the T-cell immune risk phenotype in the elderly : Findings in the Swedish NONA Immune Study using sample selection protocols
- 2003
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Ingår i: Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. - : Elesvier. - 0047-6374 .- 1872-6216. ; 124:4, s. 469-476
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A critical issue in our understanding of ageing and the immune system refers to the health status of the population from which inferences are drawn. The commonly used SENIEUR protocol, selecting individuals representing 'normal ageing' has recently been under debate because a substantial amount of individuals with various health problems are excluded. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of morbidity on immune parameters and to evaluate the associations with the T-cell immune risk phenotype (IRP), related to cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositivity by applying the SENIEUR protocol and the OCTO-Immune protocol in the unselected population based sample (n = 138) of oldest-olds, participating in the Swedish NONA Immune Study. The SENIEUR protocol excluded over 90% of the sample whereas the OCTO-Immune protocol excluded almost 65% of the sample. Three independent groups, very healthy (SENIEUR), moderately healthy (OCTO-Immune) and frail (non-SENIEUR/non-OCTO-Immune) were created. Flow cytometry studies on lymphocyte sub-populations revealed no significant difference in CD4/CD8 ratio, CD3+CD4-CD8+, CD3+CD4+CD8-, CD8+CD57+CD28-, CD8+CD56+CD57- or CD8+CD56+CD57+ between the very healthy, moderately healthy and the frail subsamples. Our findings indicate that morbidity does not significantly influence the T-cell immune risk profile in the elderly, and we suggest the inclusion of broader samples in future immunogerontological studies.
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| 9. |
- Nilsson, Jan-Eric, 1952-
(författare)
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Restructuring Sweden’s Railways : The Unintentional Deregulation
- 2002
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Ingår i: Swedish Economic Policy Review. - Stockholm : Government offices of Sweden. - 1400-1829. ; 9:2, s. 229-254
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In 1988, Sweden made a vertical cut in its nationalised railway monopoly; since then, infrastructure is handled by a public-sector agency while trains were initially run by a government-owned monopolist. This paper seeks to describe this reorganisation, the subsequent process towards free entry and competition in parts of the sector and the consequences of these changes. It is argued that the policies have not focussed on (ticket) prices and competition issues and have rather been directed towards the sector’s inability to recover costs, which seems to be a Europe-wide phenomenon. Some recommendations for further changes of the industry are suggested.
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| 10. |
- Nilsson, Jan-Eric, 1952-
(författare)
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Towards a Welfare Enhancing Process to Manage Railway Infrastructure Access
- 2002
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A. - : Elsevier. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 36:5, s. 419-436
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The European Commission has suggested that the use of scarce railway track capacity should be charged for on a marginal cost basis and that a welfare enhancing procedure to allocate capacity between competing operators is to be implemented. The present paper presents a practicable way to deal with these challenges. Two issues are at the analytical core of the problem.First, in order to prioritise, accurate information is required about the operators' willingness-to-pay for track access; to this end, an auctioning procedure has been developed. Secondly, an approach to handle the technically complex optimisatton problem is needed so that 'reasonably' optimal allocations, given the 'accurate' information, can be established; dual optimisation is suggested as the remedy. Recent experiences from the US auctioning of radio-wave frequencies are cited as supporting evidence for the rationale of the approach.
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