| 1. |
- Nilsson, Tomas, 1983-, et al.
(author)
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Fuel and time minimization in a CVT wheel loader application
- 2013
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In: IFAC Proceedings Volumes. ; , s. 201-206
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A method is developed for the minimization of time and fuel required for performing a short loading cycle with a CVT wheel loader. A factor β is used for weighing time to fuel in the optimization. Dynamic programming is used as optimization algorithm, and the developed method is based on the change of independent variable, from time to distance driven. It is shown that a change of states from speeds to kinetic energies in the internal simulations is essential.A driving cycle, derived from measurements, representing a short loading cycle is introduced. Optimization is performed against this cycle according to the method presented, using two different values on the time to fuel weighing parameter. It is shown that this parameter can be used to find optimal solutions directed toward short time or low fuel consumption.
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| 2. |
- Nilsson, Tomas, 1983-, et al.
(author)
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Fuel Potential and Prediction Sensitivity of a Power-Split CVT in a Wheel Loader
- 2012
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In: Proceedings of the 2012 IFAC Workshop on Engine and Powertrain Control, Simulation and Modeling. ; , s. 49-56
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Wheel loader transmissions are commonly based on a torque converter and an automatic gearbox. This solution is mechanically robust and well suited for the typical operation of the machine, but the fuel efficiency is low at some modes of operation. One proposed improvement is to replace the present transmission with a multi-mode power-split CVT (MM-CVT). This paper compares the fuel saving potential of the MM-CVT to the potential of the present transmission under different assumptions on the prediction of future loads. A load cycle with a probability distribution is created from a measurement including 34 short loading cycles. Trajectory optimization is performed both against this, probabilistic, and three deterministic load cycles with the two concepts. The optimization shows that the MM-CVT transmission has at least 15% better fuel saving potential than the present transmission, and that this difference is not sensitive to the quality of the prediction or the smoothness or length of the load case.
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| 3. |
- Nilsson, Tomas, 1983-, et al.
(author)
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Minimizing Fuel Use During Power Transients for Naturally Aspirated and Turbo Charged Diesel Engines
- 2014
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Recent development has renewed the interest in drivetrain concepts which gives a higher degree offreedom by disconnecting the engine and vehicle speeds. This freedom raises the demand for activecontrol, which especially during transients is not trivial, but of which the quality is crucial for the successof the drivetrain concept. In this work the fuel optimal engine operating point trajectories for a naturallyaspirated and a turbocharged diesel engine, connected to a load which does not restrict the engine speed,is derived, analysed and utilized for finding a suboptimal operating point trajectory. The analysis andoptimization is made with dynamic programming, Pontryagin’s maximum principle and a suboptimalstrategy based on the static optimal operating points. Methods are derived for using Pontryagin’smaximum principle for finding the optimal operating point trajectories, for simple load cases. The timeneeded for computation is reduced a factor 1000−100, depending on engine layout, compared to dynamicprogramming. These methods are only applicable to very simple load cases though. Finally, a suboptimalcalculation method which reduce the time needed for computation a factor > 1000 compared to dynamicprogramming, while showing a < 5% increase in fuel consumption compared to the optimal, is presented.
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| 4. |
- Nilsson, Tomas, 1983-, et al.
(author)
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On the use of stochastic dynamic programming for evaluating a power-split CVT in a wheel loader
- 2012
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In: Proceedigns of the 8th IEEE vehicle power and propulsion conference. - : IEEE. - 9781467309530 - 9781467309523 - 9781467309547 ; , s. 840-845
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Complex transmission concepts may enable high fuel efficiency but require much effort in controller development. This effort should only be spent if the potential of the concept if high, a potential which can be determined using optimization techniques. This paper examine the use of stochastic dynamic programming for transmission potential evaluation, applied on a wheel loader. The concepts evaluated is the present automatic gearbox and a multi-mode CVT (MM-CVT). A probabilistic driving cycle is created from a measurement including 34 loading cycles. Trajectory optimization is performed both against probabilistic and deterministic cycles. The paper shows that the introduction of a probabilistic load highly affect the application of optimization. It is also shown that the MM-CVT has approximately 20% lower minimum fuel requirement than the present transmission, and that this number is not sensitive to the quality of the prediction.
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| 5. |
- Nilsson, Tomas, 1983-, et al.
(author)
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Optimal Operation of a Turbocharged Diesel Engine during Transients
- 2012
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In: SAE International Journal of Engines. - : SAE International. - 1946-3936 .- 1946-3944. ; 5:2, s. 571-578
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Recent development has renewed the interest in drivetrain concepts which give a higher degree of freedom by disconnecting the engine and vehicle speeds. This freedom raises the demand for active control, which especially during transients is not trivial but of which the quality is crucial for the success of the drivetrain concept. In this work the fuel optimal solution for a turbocharged diesel engine connected to a load which does not restrict the engine speed is derived, analysed and utilized for finding a suboptimal operating point trajectory. We use a Willan s efficiency model for the engine, expanded with a first order delay dependent torque reduction representing the turbocharger pressure, and study different output power transients. The analysis is made with dynamic programming, Pontryagin’s maximum principle and a suboptimal strategy based on the static optimal operating points. We present a method for using Pontryagin’s maximum principle for deriving the optimal operating point trajectory. The time needed for computation was reduced a factor >100 compared to dynamic programming, but this method is only applicable to load cases with steps between different high output powers. We also present a suboptimal method which shows a <1% increase in fuel consumption compared to the optimal, while reducing the time needed for computation a factor >1000 compared to dynamic programming.
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| 6. |
- Nilsson, Tomas, 1983-, et al.
(author)
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Optimized Engine Transients
- 2011
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In: Proceedings of the 7th IEEE vehicle power and propulsion conference. - : IEEE. - 9781612842486 ; , s. 1-6
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Recent development has renewed the interest in drivetrain concepts which give a higher degree of freedom by disconnecting the engine and vehicle speeds. This freedom raises the demand for active control, which especially during transients is not trivial but of which the quality is crucial for the success of the drivetrain concept. This work attempts to analyze and explain the fuel optimal solution for the simplest drivetrain setup, which is an engine connected to a load which does not restrict the engine speed. This is made by using a Willan's model for the engine and deriving the fuel optimal solution during output power transients. The analysis is made with dynamic programming, Pontryagin's maximum principle and backward simulation under a static optimal line restriction. The analysis show that the optimal transients can be explained, visualized and, in simple cases, derived from phase planes of the engine speed and the Lagrange multiplier. In these cases the time needed for computation was reduced a factor >; 1000 compared to dynamic programming. Restricting the engine to the static optimal line turns out to be very close to optimal, even during highly transient operation, while reducing the time needed for computation a factor ≫ 1000.
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| 7. |
- Nilsson, Tomas, 1983-, et al.
(author)
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Using Stochastic Dynamic Programming for look-ahead control of a Wheel Loader Diesel Electric Transmission
- 2014
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In: IFAC Proceedings Volumes. - : IFAC Papers Online. ; , s. 6630-6635
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Three Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SDP) implementations are developed for control of a diesel-electric wheel loader transmission. The implementations each use a stochastic description of the load, with the probabilities either independent of the states, dependent on previous power or on distance driven. Both the cycles used for the controller development and for the evaluation are derived from a measured sequence of cycles.The evaluation shows that SDP can be used for control of the engine speed and that the resulting trajectories from the three implementations are very similar. The most surprising part is that the method which has constant load probability is able to adjust to the actual load. The combination of the calculation efforts and the outcomes leads to the conclusion that the constant load probability implementation is superior to the other versions.
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