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| 2. |
- Brorson Norberg, Birgitta, 1946-, et al.
(författare)
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Muntlig kommunikation under en lektion om energikällor i årskurs 5 : [Oral Communication during a Lesson on Energy Sources in Grade 5]
- 2014
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Ingår i: Nordic Studies in Science Education. - Oslo : University of Oslo Library. - 1504-4556 .- 1894-1257. ; 10:1, s. 35-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies have shown that students’ awareness of the goals and purposes of the laboratory activityis important for their possibility to participate in and learn from the activity. While practical activitiesoften have been considered to be a central part of science education, relatively few studies haveexamined laboratory work in situ. In this paper we addressed these issues by examining (a) whatpurposes are distinguished when students’ work with a laboratory assignment and (b) how thesepurposes are made continuous with the teacher’s aim with the assignment. The data was based onclassroom observations from two ordinary laboratory settings, one from a chemistry class in lowersecondary school and one from a physics class in the natural science programme in upper secondaryschool. Although both student groups acknowledged their teacher’s intentions with the practical andcould act towards the more student centered purposes of the activity, e.g. describe what happens withthe copper and measure the speed of a small vessel respectively, there were differences regarding thepossibilities the students had to act toward the activity’s final aim. The results showed that these factorscan be referred to the amount of purposes introduced by the teacher as well as those that arosebecause of contingences, and the connection of these purposes to students’ prior experiences.
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| 3. |
- Enghag, Margareta, et al.
(författare)
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A sustainable teacher training: approaching more science content and inquiry
- 2012
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Ingår i: E-Book Proceedings of the ESERA 2011 Conference. - 9789963700448 ; , s. 49-56
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- How can teachers change the way they teach so students get access to more featuresof inquiry based science teaching and learning? Four teacher educators and researchersworked with five teachers from two schools, to develop tools to analyze teaching sequences.The teachers’ lessons were video-taped on two occasions at least with several weeks inbetween. The films were analyzed and various didactic issues discussed in seminars with theresearchers and the teachers. After the first lesson feedback, the teachers were given thechallenge to make a teaching sequence paying regard to his/her reflections on our seminar andour analysis of the first lesson. We report a case study in which a teacher, Roy, develops histeaching in several respects such as dialogic communicative approaches, writing, and sciencecontent. We compare and analyze two of his lessons: the first on Electricity and the other onthe Water Cycle. The teacher Roy is able to create interesting lessons in which argumentationand debate are included. With the second lesson Roy showed awareness of the significance ofthe science content in the dialogue, and he gave a greater subject-matter depth compared tothe first lesson, as well as a wider variety of scientific ways including experimental work. Thescience content was, however, superficial and vague in both lessons. The difficulty of meetingthe students in dialogue occurs when the teacher’s own knowledge is insufficient. Theteacher’s awareness of the importance of dialogue in the classroom combined with a greaterdepth of subject focus, lead to learning opportunities for students that are of benefit for bothlanguage and science skills.
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| 4. |
- Engström, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of the impact of genetic polymorphisms in glutathione-related genes on the association between methylmercury or n-3 polyunsaturated long chain fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction : a case-control study
- 2011
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Ingår i: Environmental Health. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1476-069X. ; 10:33
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, which are present in fish, are protective against myocardial infarction. However, fish also contains methylmercury, which influences the risk of myocardial infarction, possibly by generating oxidative stress. Methylmercury is metabolized by conjugation to glutathione, which facilitates elimination. Glutathione is also an antioxidant. Individuals with certain polymorphisms in glutathione-related genes may tolerate higher exposures to methylmercury, due to faster metabolism and elimination and/or better glutathione-associated antioxidative capacity. They would thus benefit more from the protective agents in fish, such as eicosapentaenoic+docosahexaenoic acid and selenium. The objective for this study was to elucidate whether genetic polymorphisms in glutathione-related genes modify the association between eicosapentaenoic+docosahexaenoic acid or methylmercury and risk of first ever myocardial infarction. Methods: Polymorphisms in glutathione-synthesizing (glutamyl-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, GCLC and glutamyl-cysteine ligase modifier subunit, GCLM) or glutathione-conjugating (glutathione S-transferase P, GSTP1) genes were genotyped in 1027 individuals from northern Sweden (458 cases of first-ever myocardial infarction and 569 matched controls). The impact of these polymorphisms on the association between erythrocyte-mercury (proxy for methylmercury) and risk of myocardial infarction, as well as between plasma eicosapentaenoic+docosahexaenoic acid and risk of myocardial infarction, was evaluated by conditional logistic regression. The effect of erythrocyte-selenium on risk of myocardial infarction was also taken into consideration. Results: There were no strong genetic modifying effects on the association between plasma eicosapentaenoic+docosahexaenoic acid or erythrocyte-mercury and risk of myocardial infarction risk. When eicosapentaenoic+docosahexaenoic acid or erythrocyte-mercury were divided into tertiles, individuals with GCLM-588 TT genotype displayed a lower risk relative to the CC genotype in all but one tertile; in most tertiles the odds ratio was around 0.5 for TT. However, there were few TT carriers and the results were not statistically significant. The results were similar when taking plasma eicosapentaenoic+docosahexaenoic acid, erythrocyte-selenium and erythrocyte-mercury into account simultaneously. Conclusions: No statistically significant genetic modifying effects were seen for the association between plasma eicosapentaenoic+docosahexaenoic acid or erythrocyte-mercury and risk of myocardial infarction. Still, our results indicate that the relatively rare GCLM-588 TT genotype may have an impact, but a larger study is necessary for confirmation.
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| 5. |
- Handberg, A, et al.
(författare)
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Soluble CD36 (sCD36) clusters with markers of insulin resistance, and high sCD36 is associated with increased type 2 diabetes risk
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. - : The Endocrine Society. - 0021-972X .- 1945-7197. ; 95:4, s. 1939-1946
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE:Soluble CD36 (sCD36) may be an early marker of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. The objective of this prospective study was to evaluate sCD36 as a predictor of type 2 diabetes and to study its relationship with components of the metabolic syndrome (MetSy).DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND OUTCOME MEASURES:We conducted a case-referent study nested within a population-based health survey. Baseline variables included sCD36, body mass index, blood pressure, blood lipids, adipokines, inflammatory markers, and beta-cell function. A total of 173 initially nondiabetic cohort members who developed type 2 diabetes during 10 yr of follow-up were matched (1:2) with referents. Exploratory factor analysis was applied to hypothesize affiliation of sCD36 to the MetSy components.RESULTS:Doubling of baseline sCD36 increases the odds ratio for diabetes development by 1.24 in the general study population and by 1.45 in the female population (P < 0.025). Comparing upper sCD36 quartiles with lower, odds ratio for diabetes was 4.6 in women (P = 0.001), 3.15 in men (P = 0.011), and 2.6 in obese individuals (P < 0.025). Multivariate analysis shows that sCD36 does not predict diabetes independent of fasting plasma glucose and insulin. Factor analysis of 15 variables generates a six-factor model explaining 66-69% of total variance, where sCD36, body mass index, insulin, proinsulin, and leptin were assigned to the obesity/insulin resistance cluster.CONCLUSIONS:Upper quartile sCD36 is associated with elevated diabetes risk independent of age, gender, and obesity. Baseline sCD36 does not, however, predict diabetes independent of fasting glucose and insulin. sCD36 clusters with important markers of insulin resistance and MetSy that are key predictors of type 2 diabetes.
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| 6. |
- Hernestål-Boman, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Signs of dysregulated fibrinolysis precede the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a population-based study
- 2012
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Ingår i: Cardiovascular Diabetology. - : BioMed Central. - 1475-2840. ; 11, s. 152-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Diabetic patients experience stimulated coagulation and dysfibrinolysis, which is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. This imbalance may precede the manifest diagnosis. We investigated whether elevated antigen levels of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), the tPA/PAI-1 complex, or von Willebrand Factor (VWF) precede type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) diagnosis, and whether this elevation occurs before increased fasting plasma glucose (FPG) or 2-hour plasma glucose (2hPG) in individuals who later develop T2DM.Methods: We conducted a prospective incident case-referent study within the Vasterbotten Intervention Programme. Cardiovascular risk factor data as well as FPG and 2hPG and blood samples for future research were collected at a baseline health examination between 1989 and 2000, (n= 28 736). During follow-up in January 2001, 157 cases had developed T2DM. Referents without T2DM were matched for sex, age, and year of participation (n=277). Subgroup analysis was performed for cases with normal baseline glucose levels (FPG <6.1 mmol/L and 2hPG < 8.9 mmol/L) and cases with elevated levels (FPG 6.1-6.9 mmol/L and/or 2hPG 8.9-12.1 mmol/L).Results: After adjusting for BMI, family history of diabetes, physical activity, smoking, systolic blood pressure and levels of C-reactive protein and triglycerides, independent associations were found between incident T2DM and elevated levels of tPA (OR=1.54, 95% CI 1.06-2.23), PAI-1 (OR=1.61, 95% CI 1.14-2.28), and tPA/PAI-1 complex (OR=2.45, 95% CI 1.56-3.84). In participants with normal glucose levels, PAI-1 (OR=2.06, 95% CI 1.10 - 3.86) exhibited an independent relationship with incident T2DM after the adjustments.Conclusions: Elevated levels of fibrinolytic variables precede the manifestation of T2DM after adjusting for metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors and can be detected several years before changes in glucose tolerance.
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| 8. |
- Lilja, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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The iImpact of Leptin and Adiponectin on incident type 2 Diabetes is modified by sex and insulin resistance
- 2012
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Ingår i: Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders. - : Mary Ann Liebert Inc. - 1540-4196 .- 1557-8518. ; 10:2, s. 143-151
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Adiponectin and leptin and their ratio have been associated with incident type 2 diabetes (T2DM), although the data presented are conflicting and the populations studied have been small. In this large, prospective, nested, case referent study, we hypothesized that these associations are sex specific and may be modified by insulin resistance. Methods: Men and women aged 30-60 years with incident T2DM (n = 640) and a prior health survey within the Vasterbotten Intervention Programme (VIP) and matched referents (n = 1564) were identified. Using conditional logistic regression analyses, we tested whether baseline plasma adiponectin and leptin levels and their ratio independently predicted incident T2DM, stratified for gender and insulin resistance. Results: Adjusted for traditional risk factors, fourth-quartile levels of adiponectin were associated with a reduced risk of T2DM in men [odds ratio (OR) 0.55 (0.36-0.86)] and women [OR 0.47 (0.27-0.83)]. Quartile four of the leptin/adiponectin ratio predicted T2DM in both men [OR 3.08 (1.68-5.67)] and women [OR 3.31 (1.56-7.03)], whereas quartile-four levels of leptin predicted T2DM only in men [OR 2.30 (1.32-4.02)]. When stratified for insulin sensitivity and adjusted for body mass index (BMI), loge-transformed leptin predicted T2DM in insulin-sensitive men [OR 1.56 (1.13-2.17)] but not in insulin-resistant men [OR 1.03 (0.76-1.39)]. The effect of adiponectin and the leptin/adiponectin ratio was not influenced by the insulin sensitivity status. Conclusions: Leptin in men and adiponectin in both sexes were independent predictors of T2DM. The association was modified by the degree of insulin sensitivity. The leptin/adiponectin ratio may add predictive information beyond the separate hormones.
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| 9. |
- Lindahl, Bernt, et al.
(författare)
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Increasing glucose concentrations and prevalence of diabetes mellitus in northern Sweden, 1990-2007
- 2010
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Ingår i: Global Health Action. - : CoAction Publishing. - 1654-9716 .- 1654-9880. ; 3, s. Article nr 5222-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The prevalence of diabetes in the world is projected to rise from 2.8% in the year 2000 to 4.4% in 2030, an increase suggesting an ongoing global epidemic of diabetes.Objective: To examine time trends in fasting and 2-h glucose concentrations, prevalence and 10-year cumulative incidence of diabetes, and the role of education in these trends. Design: Each year the Vasterbotten Intervention Programme invites all 40, 50, and 60-year-old individuals to a health survey, which includes a cardiovascular risk factor screening and oral glucose tolerance test. The cross-sectional part of the study is based on health examinations conducted between 1990 and 2007 (n = 102,822). The prospective subset (panel dataset) of the study is based on individuals who have had two health examinations 10 years apart and were not defined as having diabetes at their first health examination (n = 23,546).Results: Between 1990 and 2007, the mean population fasting glucose concentration increased 0.5 mmol/L. Comparing the prevalence in 1990-1995 with 2002-2007 demonstrated a significant 44% increase in men (p < 0.001) and a significant 17% increase in women (p < 0.001). Socioeconomic status, here represented by education, clearly influenced both prevalence and incidence of diabetes and glucose concentration. In all time periods and in all age groups, individuals with low education were more likely to have or get diabetes. The 10-year risk of developing diabetes was four to five times higher in the oldest age group (50-60 years) compared with the youngest (30-40 years). A 30% reduction in the 10-year risk of developing diabetes was found in women (p < 0.001) between 2000-2003 and 2004-2007.Conclusions: Despite a clear increase in glucose concentrations and diabetes prevalence between 1990 and 2007, especially in men, there was a decline in the 10-year risk of developing diabetes in women between 2000-2003 and 2004-2007.
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| 10. |
- Lindvall, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Primary weight maintenance: an observational study exploring candidate variables for intervention
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nutrition Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1475-2891. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Previous studies have focused on weight maintenance following weight loss, i.e. secondary weight maintenance (SWM). The long-term results of SWM have been rather modest and it has been suggested that preventing initial weight gain, i.e. primary weight maintenance (PWM), may be more successful. Therefore, developing a prevention strategy focused on PWM, enabling normal weight or overweight individuals to maintain their weight, would be of great interest. The aim of this study was to identify attitudes, strategies, and behaviors that are predictive of PWM in different age, sex and BMI groups in Northern Sweden. Methods: A questionnaire was mailed to 3497 individuals in a Swedish population that had two measured weights taken ten years apart, as participants in the Vasterbotten Intervention Programme. Subjects were between 41-63 years of age at the time of the survey, had a baseline BMI of 20-30, and a ten year percent change in BMI greater than -3%. The respondents were divided into twelve subgroups based on baseline age (30, 40 and 50), sex and BMI (normal weight and overweight). Analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation, and linear regression were performed to identify independent predictors of PWM. Results: Of the 166 predictors tested, 152 (91.6%) were predictive of PWM in at least one subgroup. However, only 7 of these 152 variables (4.6%) were significant in 6 subgroups or more. The number of significant predictors of PWM was higher for male (35.8) than female (27.5) subgroups (p=0.044). There was a tendency (non significant) for normal weight subgroups to have a higher number of predictors (35.3) than overweight subgroups (28.0). Adjusted R-squared values ranged from 0.1 to 0.420. Conclusions: The large number of PWM predictors identified, and accompanying high R-squared values, provide a promising first step towards the development of PWM interventions. The large disparity in the pattern of significant variables between subgroups suggests that these interventions should be tailored to the person's demographic (age, sex and BMI). The next steps should be directed towards evaluation of these predictors for causal potential.
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