| 1. |
- Akkermann, Kirsti, et al.
(författare)
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Association of 5-HTT gene polymorphism, platelet MAO activity, and drive for thinness in a population-based sample of adolescent girls
- 2008
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Ingår i: International Journal of Eating Disorders. - : Wiley. - 0276-3478 .- 1098-108X. ; 41:5, s. 399-404
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Several lines of evidence suggest that alterations in serotonergic activity contribute to the pathophysiology of abnormal eating behaviors. Since platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and the 5-HT transporter gene promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) have been associated with eating disorders, the knowledge from a population-based sample may provide useful information which changes in 5-HT function observed in eating disorders represent trait vs. state effects. METHOD: The sample was based on both cohorts of the Estonian Children Personality, Behavior and Health Study (ECPBHS). The current study was conducted during the second follow-up where altogether 82% from the original sample was recruited. EDI-2 subscales--Drive for Thinness and Bulimia--were used to determine eating attitudes and behaviors. Platelet MAO activity was measured and the participants were genotyped for the 5-HTTLPR. RESULTS: Allelic variation of 5-HTTLPR or platelet MAO activity were not independently associated with drive for thinness or binge eating, but girls homozygous for the 5-HTTLPR long allele and with high platelet MAO activity, both considered indicators of a higher capacity 5-HT system, exhibited higher scores of drive for thinness. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that drive for thinness is the highest in girls with the presence of two markers of higher serotonergic capacity.
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| 2. |
- Comasco, Erika, et al.
(författare)
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Adolescent alcohol consumption : Biomarkers PEth and FAEE in relation to interview and questionnaire data
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. - : ALCOHOL RES DOCUMENTATION INC CENT ALCOHOL STUD RUTGERS UNIV. - 1937-1888 .- 1938-4114. ; 70:5, s. 797-804
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the congruence of biomarkers, questionnaires, and interviews as instruments to assess adolescent alcohol consumption. METHOD The methodology used was a cross-sectional study with a randomized sample. Four different methods were used to estimate high adolescent alcohol consumption. The concordance of the results was investigated. Surveys were performed, and biological specimens were collected at all schools in the county of Västmanland, Sweden, in 2001. Eighty-one boys and 119 girls from a population of 16- and 19-year-old adolescents were randomly selected from quartiles of volunteers representing various degrees of psychosocial risk behaviors. Using a questionnaire (for a 1-hour session) and in-depth interviews, subjects were assessed regarding their alcohol-use habits. Blood and hair samples were analyzed for phosphatidylethanol (PEth) and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), respectively. RESULTS High alcohol consumption was underreported in the questionnaire compared with the interviews. PEth and FAEE analyses weakly confirmed the self-reports, and the results of the two biochemical tests did not overlap. The PEth blood test was the most specific but the least sensitive, whereas the FAEE hair test revealed low specificity and an overrepresentation of positive results in girls. CONCLUSIONS The expected higher self-report of high alcohol consumption by interview rather than by questionnaire was confirmed partly because of the influence of a bogus pipeline procedure. The absence of overlap between PEth and FAEE results and their poor agreement with self-reports suggested that biomarkers are unsuitable as screening tools for alcohol consumption in adolescents.
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| 3. |
- Harro, Jaanus, et al.
(författare)
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Personality and the serotonin transporter gene : Associations in a longitudinal population-based study
- 2009
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Ingår i: Biological Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-0511 .- 1873-6246. ; 81:1, s. 9-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Associations between the promoter polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and anxiety-related personality traits in healthy adult subjects have been inconsistent. We assessed personality in participants of the Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study, using parental reports and self-reports. In the younger cohort, according to parental assessments at ages 9 and 15, children homozygous for the S allele had significantly higher scores of Neuroticism and lower scores of Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. Parental assessment of the older cohort at ages 15 and 18 did not yield any genotype effect on personality; however, interaction of cohort and genotype was not significant. According to self-reports, SS homozygotes had higher Neuroticism at age 15 but not at age 18. Thus, homozygocity for the S allele of the 5-HTTLPR is related to anxiety-related personality traits in general population, but this is easier to detect before adolescence.
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| 4. |
- Nordquist, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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Monoallelic expression of MAO-A in skin fibroblasts
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of neural transmission. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0300-9564 .- 1435-1463. ; 114:6, s. 713-716
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- X chromosome inactivation in mammalian females occurs early in embryonic development and renders most genes on the inactive X chromosome transcriptionally silenced. As a consequence, females will display an X chromosomal parent-of-origin mosaicism with regard to which parental allele that is expressed. Some genes however, escape inactivation and will therefore be expressed from both alleles. In this study we have investigated if the X-linked MAO-A gene have bi- or mono-allelic expression. This information would indicate whether or not MAO-A gene dosage could potentially explain the observed gender differences that show functional connections to the serotonin system, such as aggression and impulsiveness. To investigate the X inactivation status of MAO-A we have used primary clonal cell cultures, on which allelic expression was assessed with RFLP analysis. Our results show that the MAO-A gene has mono-allelic expression in these cells. This could have important implications for understanding traits that display gender differences.
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| 5. |
- Nordquist, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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Monoallelic expression of MAOA in skin fibroblasts
- 2006
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Ingår i: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications - BBRC. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-291X .- 1090-2104. ; 348:2, s. 763-767
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- X chromosome inactivation in mammalian females occurs early in embryonic development and renders most genes on the inactive X chromosome transcriptionally silenced. As a consequence, females will display an X chromosomal parent-of-origin mosaiscism with regard to which parental allele that is expressed. Some genes, however, escape inactivation and will therefore be expressed from both alleles. In this study, we have investigated if the X-linked MAO-A gene has bi- or mono-allelic expression. This information would indicate whether or not MAO-A gene dosage could potentially explain the observed gender differences that show functional connections to the serotonin system, such as aggression, and impulsiveness. To investigate the X inactivation status of MAO-A we have used primary clonal cell cultures, on which allelic expression was assessed with RFLP analysis. Our results show that the MAO-A gene has mono-allelic expression in these cells. This could have important implications for understanding traits that display gender differences.
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| 6. |
- Nordquist, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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The Transcription Factor TFAP2B Is Associated With Insulin Resistance and Adiposity in Healthy Adolescents
- 2009
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Ingår i: Obesity. - : Wiley. - 1930-7381 .- 1930-739X. ; 17:9, s. 1762-1767
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Insulin resistance and central adiposity are strong risk indicators for type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. An important role for adipose tissue in the etiology and progression of these conditions has recently become more evident. A transcription factor, TFAP2B, has been shown to participate in the regulation of adipocyte metabolism, by facilitating glucose uptake and lipid accumulation, while simultaneously reducing insulin sensitivity, and recently a direct function for TFAP2B as an inhibitor of adiponectin expression was observed. In this study, we have investigated how insulin resistance, plasma adiponectin, and central adiposity, in a normal population of adolescents, are affected by genetic variability in TFAP2B. Our results show that both insulin sensitivity, as measured from levels of fasting glucose and insulin, and central adiposity, estimated by subscapular skinfold thickness, were significantly associated to genetic variability in TFAP2B. This association was restricted to males only, where carriers of the 4-repeat allele of intron 2 had higher insulin sensitivity and lower subscapular skinfold thickness. Levels of adiponectin did not show any association to the TFAP2B polymorphism, but was negatively correlated to central adiposity in females. These results suggest that reduction of TFAP2B expression could have a protective effect against future risk of complications associated with decreased insulin sensitivity and central adiposity, such as type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease.
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| 7. |
- Nordquist, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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Transcription factor AP2 beta involved in severe female alcoholism
- 2009
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Ingår i: Brain Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-8993 .- 1872-6240. ; 1305:Supplement 11, s. S20-S26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Susceptibility to alcoholism and antisocial behavior exhibits an evident link to monoaminergic neurotransmission. The serotonin system in particular, which is associated with regulation of mood and behavior, has an influence on personality characters that are firmly connected to risk of developing alcoholism and antisocial behavior, such as impulsiveness, and aggression. The transcription factor TFAP2b has repeatedly been shown to be involved in monoaminergic transmission, likely due to a regulatory effect on genes that are fundamental to this system, e.g. monoamine oxidase type A, and the serotonin transporter. Recent research has identified a functional polymorphism in the gene encoding TFAP2B that regulates its level of expression. In the present study we have compared a sample of female alcoholics (n = 107), sentenced to institutional care for their severe addiction, contrasted against a control sample of adolescent females (n = 875). The results showed that parental alcohol misuse was significantly more common among the alcoholic females, and also that parental alcohol misuse was associated with a reduction in age of alcohol debut. We also addressed the question of whether a functional TFAP2b polymorphism was associated with alcoholism. Results showed that the high-functioning allele was significantly more common among the female alcoholics, compared to the non-alcoholic controls. Furthermore, the results also indicated that psychosocial factors, in terms of parental alcohol misuse, depression or psychiatric disorder, had an influence on the association. It was observed that the genetic association was restricted to the subset of cases that had not experienced these negative psychosocial factors.
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| 8. |
- Paaver, Marika, et al.
(författare)
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Platelet MAO activity and the 5-HTT gene promoter polymorphism are associated with impulsivity and cognitive style in visual information processing
- 2007
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Ingår i: Psychopharmacology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0033-3158 .- 1432-2072. ; 194:4, s. 545-554
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Low capacity of the central serotonergic system has been associated with impulsive behaviour. Both low platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and the short (S) allele of the serotonin transporter gene promoter region polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) are proposed to be markers of less efficient serotonergic functioning.The effect of the two markers for serotonin system efficiency on performance in a visual comparison task (VCT) and self-reported impulsiveness (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, BIS-11) were investigated in healthy adolescents participating in the Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study. Possible confounding effect of general cognitive abilities on the performance in VCT was controlled for.Low platelet MAO activity and carrying of the S allele of 5-HTTLPR were both associated with higher error-rate and more impulsive performance in VCT. Platelet MAO activity and 5-HTTLPR S allele had a significant interactive effect on self-reported impulsivity (BIS-11). The effect of platelet MAO activity on both self-reported and performance impulsivity was significant only in the S allele carriers. The effect of 5-HTTLPR S allele on impulsive performance remained significant after controlling for general cognitive abilities.The two markers of lower serotonergic capacity, 5-HTTLPR S allele and low platelet MAO activity, have a similar and partly synergistic influence on self-reported as well as performance measures of impulsivity.
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| 9. |
- Paaver, Marika, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of 5-HTT gene promoter polymorphism on impulsivity depends on family relations in girls
- 2008
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Ingår i: Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0278-5846 .- 1878-4216. ; 32:5, s. 1263-1268
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The short (S) allele of the 5-HTT gene promoter region polymorphism (5-HTTLPR), in combination with adverse environmental influence, leads to higher likelihood of depression. Impulsivity has been related to low serotonin turnover, poor regulation of affect, and problems in the family, including child maltreatment. The current study explored the effect of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene and adverse family environment on impulsivity in adolescents. Healthy adolescents participating in the Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study (n=483) filled the Adaptive and Maladaptive Impulsivity Scale (AMIS), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), a scale measuring family relations, and were genotyped. While genotype alone was not associated with thoughtlessness, BIS-11 impulsiveness, fast decision-making or excitement seeking, 5-HTTLPR S allele carriers, however, had higher scores of disinhibition. In girls carrying the S allele, scores of thoughtlessness and disinhibition depended on family relations, being higher with less warmth in the family. Adverse family relations had no effect on impulsivity in girls with LL genotype. In boys, the effects of family relations on maladaptive impulsivity did not depend on genotype. However, the S allele and high maltreatment in the family both independently increased disinhibition and the BIS-11 score in boys. Family environment and the 5-HTTLPR genotype had no interactive effect on excitement seeking or fast decision-making. In summary, carrying the S allele may lead to high maladaptive impulsivity due to higher sensitivity to environmental adversity, which is more significantly expressed in girls.
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| 10. |
- Sjöberg, Rickard L, et al.
(författare)
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Development of depression: sex and the interaction between environment and a promoter polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene
- 2006
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Ingår i: International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. - Uppsala Univ, Cent Hosp Vasteras, Clin Res Ctr, S-72189 Vasteras, Sweden. Univ Uppsala, Pharmacol Unit, Dept Neurosci, Uppsala, Sweden. : CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS. - 1461-1457 .- 1469-5111. ; 9:4, s. 443-449
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has demonstrated that a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and adverse psychosocial circumstances interact to predict depression. The purpose of the present study was to explore the extent to which sex modulates these effects. Eighty-one boys and 119 girls (16-19 years old) were interviewed about psychosocial background variables and genotyped for the 5-HTT promoter polymorphism. There were two main results. First, boys and girls carrying the short 5-HTTLPR allele react to different kinds of environmental factors. Whereas males were affected by living in public housing rather than in own owned homes and by living with separated parents, females were affected by traumatic conflicts within the family. Second, the responses of males and females carrying the short 5-HTTLPR allele to environmental stress factors go in opposite directions. Thus, whereas females tend to develop depressive symptoms, males seem to be protected from depression. The results suggest that both the molecular and the psychosocial mechanisms underlying depression may differ between boys and girls.
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