| 1. |
- Breznau, Nate, et al.
(författare)
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Observing many researchers using the same data and hypothesis reveals a hidden universe of uncertainty
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 119:44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study explores how researchers analytical choices affect the reliability of scientific findings. Most discussions of reliability problems in science focus on systematic biases. We broaden the lens to emphasize the idiosyncrasy of conscious and unconscious decisions that researchers make during data analysis. We coordinated 161 researchers in 73 research teams and observed their research decisions as they used the same data to independently test the same prominent social science hypothesis: that greater immigration reduces support for social policies among the public. In this typical case of social science research, research teams reported both widely diverging numerical findings and substantive conclusions despite identical start conditions. Researchers expertise, prior beliefs, and expectations barely predict the wide variation in research outcomes. More than 95% of the total variance in numerical results remains unexplained even after qualitative coding of all identifiable decisions in each teams workflow. This reveals a universe of uncertainty that remains hidden when considering a single study in isolation. The idiosyncratic nature of how researchers results and conclusions varied is a previously underappreciated explanation for why many scientific hypotheses remain contested. These results call for greater epistemic humility and clarity in reporting scientific findings.
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| 2. |
- Kravchenko, Zhanna, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Extracurricular activities and educational ouctomes : evidence from high-performing schools in St Petersburg, Russia
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Studies in Sociology of Education. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0962-0214 .- 1747-5066. ; 32:4, s. 1106-1125
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article is based on a survey carried out among 2,428 ninth-graders from 64 high-performing schools in St. Petersburg, Russia. In the study, we examine the relationships between socioeconomic background, extracurricular participation, and educational outcomes. The findings demonstrate high levels of participation in out-of-school, compared to school-based, extracurricular activities. Extracurricular participation was also shown to be associated with better grades and, to some extent, with higher levels of university aspirations. The relatively small estimate sizes indicate, however, that extracurricular participation is not a major factor in differences in educational outcomes. Nevertheless, since participation was higher among socioeconomically more advantaged students, and grades and/or levels of university aspirations were higher among those who participated, we argue that extracurricular participation should be understood as part of social reproduction in Russia.
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| 3. |
- Nygård, Olav, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Access to Social Capital and Educational Returns for Children of Immigrants : Evidence from Three Swedish Studies
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Migration Research. - Helsingfors : Helsinki University Press. - 1799-649X. ; 10:2, s. 50-66
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we study whether social capital contributes to ethnic inequality in education or whether there is evidence of counter-stratification. We use data from three surveys of Swedish ninth-graders in different contexts to fit regression models for access to social capital and educational returns. Our results show that students with parents from Asia or Southeast Europe had equal or better access to social capital, compared to children with at least one parent born in Sweden. Results for children with African background were mixed. Regarding educational outcomes, we found similar rates of returns from social capital across groups. Better access to social capital thus seems to buffer against disadvantages for some, but not all, groups.
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| 4. |
- Nygård, Olav, 1982-
(författare)
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Educational Aspirations and Attainments : How resources relate to outcomes for children of immigrants in disadvantaged Swedish schools
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this dissertation, I study educational aspirations among children of immigrants in disadvantaged schools, the factors that influence them, and their relation to educational attainments. The dissertation is based on four research papers, each examining a specific research question using survey or registry data.In Study I, I examine the relationships between pre-migration status, post-migration social capital, and educational aspirations for young people in disadvantaged Swedish schools. High pre-migration status was positively associated with access to social capital, and both factors contributed to higher educational aspirations. This suggests that pre-migration resources influence the accumulation of post-migration resources, highlighting not only what is lost but also what is retained in migration.In Study II, I explore the extent to which social contexts influence students’ aspirations differently under different institutional settings. Early tracking was associated with less optimism about realizing educational aspirations for students in disadvantaged schools, and peer-group attitudes were more strongly associated with educational aspirations when tracking was later. This suggests that educational institutions affect aspirations by structuring both outcomes and students’ interactions.In Study III, I and Alireza Behtoui examine the extent to which access to, and educational returns from, social capital vary between children of immigrants and children of non-immigrants. Students with an immigrant background had equal or better access to social capital, compared to children with at least one parent born in Sweden, and similar rates of returns from social capital. Social capital thus seems to be a partial but incomplete buffer against disadvantages.In Study IV, I explore how migration background and family resources relate to differences in school-to-work trajectories among early school leavers. High pre-migration status was associated with a higher likelihood of education-oriented trajectories, but having an immigrant background was associated with slower labour market establishment. This suggests that children of immigrants are both affected by their families’ pre-migration past and the discrimination of the local labour market in the present during their school-to-work transitions.Taken together, the four studies indicate an interplay between resources lost, retained, and created in and after migration, but also suggest that these resources are often insufficient to compensate for disadvantages in the institutions of education and the labour market.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Nygård, Olav, et al.
(författare)
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Fritid och betyg
- 2020
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Ingår i: Ungdomars fritidsaktiviteter. - Lund : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144129242 ; , s. 205-226
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
- Nygård, Olav
(författare)
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Immigration Background and Differences in School-to-work Trajectories of Early School Leavers
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies. - Roskilde, Denmark : Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies. - 2245-0157. ; 11:4, s. 43-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article focuses on the school-to-work trajectories of early school leavers in Sweden. I use sequence analysis of population-level registry data covering the first 10 years after compulsory school for 6404 early school leavers to identify four clusters of school-to-work trajectories: an exclusion trajectory characterized by not being in employment, education, or training; an education trajectory characterized by second-chance education and an increasing share of tertiary education; a precarity trajectory; and a career trajectory. Having an immigrant background or being a woman was associated with a lower likelihood of being in the career trajectory than having a non-immigrant background or being a man. Differences in the likelihood of being in the education trajectory between persons with immigrant and non-immigrant background could however be fully explained by parents education, if education level was measured relative to their country of origin. This highlights the importance of pre-migration factors for post-migration outcomes.
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| 8. |
- Nygård, Olav, 1982-
(författare)
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Pre-Migration Status, Social Capital, and the Educational Aspirations of Children of Immigrants in Disadvantaged Swedish Schools
- 2022
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0031-3831 .- 1470-1170. ; 66:4, s. 580-593
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High aspirations can be an important factor for educational attainment, especially for youth in disadvantaged schools who are otherwise more likely to leave school early. In this article, I study the relationships between pre-migration status, social capital, and educational aspirations among youth in disadvantaged Swedish schools, using data on 960 students collected in 2014. Regression results showed that access to social capital was related to pre-migration status, and that both factors contributed to high university aspirations among children of immigrants, partly through high expectations from parents. The findings consequently show how post-migration resources and outcomes relate to pre-migration factors, challenging the destination country bias that is often present in studies on immigrants and their children.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Tibajev, Andrey, et al.
(författare)
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Origin-country gender norms, individual work experience, and employment among immigrant women in Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Human Dynamics. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2673-2726. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many Western countries are built on a dual-earner model and have high levels of female labor force participation. Increasing the labor market activity of immigrant women is therefore seen as a key part of immigrant integration. However, female labor force participation (LFP) differs substantially between countries, reflecting differences in work-related gender norms that can continue to influence preferences and behaviors after migration. In this study, we investigate how origin-country gender norms and migrant selection interact to produce post-migration outcomes. Our data shows that immigrant women in Sweden have a higher level of pre-migration work experience than expected based on origin-country female LFP, indicating positive selection. Furthermore, the association between origin-country LFP and post-migration employment varied with work experience. For women without origin-country work experience, origin-country LFP was positively associated with employment in Sweden. For women with origin-country work experience, origin-country LFP however was not associated with higher likelihood of employment in Sweden. Though our focus is on immigrant women, we also include immigrant men in our analysis to test our prediction more thoroughly. For men without origin-country work experience, origin-country LFP was negatively associated with employment in Sweden, while we found no association for men with origin-country work experience. Our results show that migrant selection is a crucial factor in understanding the relationship between origin-country LFP and post-migration labor market outcomes, and that these patterns vary with gender. Policy interventions targeting immigrant women from countries with low female LFP should therefore not assume that women arrive socialized with gender-norms that hinder labor market activity.
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