| 1. |
- Bern, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
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Mobilitet och tillgänglighet – framtidens resande
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Trafikverket har gett TRUM (Transportforskningsenheten vid Umeå Universitet) i uppdrag att utreda framtidens mobilitet innefattande frågor såsom privatpersoners attityder och normer till resande med bil och däribland självkörande bilar, betalningsvilja, syn på ägande inställning till individuellt resande gentemot kollektivt resande, samt intressenters förväntningar på ett framtida tillgängligt transportsystem. Därutöver önskar Trafikverket ökad förståelse kring arbetssätt och metoder för att möta teknikutveckling och framtida mobilitet. Syftet med föreliggande rapport är att svara på dessa frågeställningar utifrån litteraturstudier och intervjuer.Det huvudsakliga underlaget för rapporten är en genomgång av litteratur relaterad till transporter, mobilitet och historiska såväl som framtida trender. Fokus har varit på persontransporter kopplat till människors beteende, samt vad privatpersoner, framtidsspanare och företrädare för bil- och teknikbranschen tror kommer att hända med personresande i framtiden. Utöver litteraturstudien genomfördes sex intervjuer under januari och februari 2016. Intervjuerna gjordes med syfte att öka förståelsen för hur människor resonerar kring mobilitet och transporter i dagsläget och hur de tror att vi kommer att resa i framtiden. Utifrån litteraturgenomgången och intervjuerna kan konstateras att attityder till elbilar generellt sett är positiva. Hinder för ett bredare genombrott utgörs av uppfattade prisskillnader, räckviddsångest och uppfattad brist på laddinfrastruktur. Som drivkrafter kan nämnas ökat miljömedvetande och alltmer positiva attityder bland flera olika aktörer, till exempel teknikutvecklare. När det gäller självkörande bilar är attityderna mer varierande. Bland annat lyfts säkerhetsfaktorer, tillgänglighet och det faktum att flera bilmodeller redan idag utrustas med olika typer av autonomifunktioner. Enligt olika bedömningar kommer koncept såsom Mobility as a Service och liknande att leda till förändrade attityder och normer när det gäller både privat och kollektivt resande. Avslutningsvis lämnas förslag på hur dessa och andra förändringar kan följas och förstås utifrån ett planeringsperspektiv. Olika metoder och perspektiv är viktiga för att skapa en bild över framtida utveckling redan idag, framförallt kopplat till de miljöutmaningar samhället står inför.
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| 2. |
- Bulanova, Daria, et al.
(författare)
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Antiviral Properties of Chemical Inhibitors of Cellular Anti-Apoptotic Bcl-2 Proteins
- 2017
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Ingår i: Viruses. - : MDPI AG. - 1999-4915. ; 9:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Viral diseases remain serious threats to public health because of the shortage of effective means of control. To combat the surge of viral diseases, new treatments are urgently needed. Here we show that small-molecules, which inhibit cellular anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins (Bcl-2i), induced the premature death of cells infected with different RNA or DNA viruses, whereas, at the same concentrations, no toxicity was observed in mock-infected cells. Moreover, these compounds limited viral replication and spread. Surprisingly, Bcl-2i also induced the premature apoptosis of cells transfected with viral RNA or plasmid DNA but not of mock-transfected cells. These results suggest that Bcl-2i sensitizes cells containing foreign RNA or DNA to apoptosis. A comparison of the toxicity, antiviral activity, and side effects of six Bcl-2i allowed us to select A-1155463 as an antiviral lead candidate. Thus, our results pave the way for the further development of Bcl-2i for the prevention and treatment of viral diseases.
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| 3. |
- Di Baldassarre, Giuliano, et al.
(författare)
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An integrative research framework to unravel the interplay of natural hazards and vulnerabilities
- 2018
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Ingår i: Earth's Future. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2328-4277. ; 6:3, s. 305-310
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change, globalization, urbanization, social isolation, and increased interconnectednessbetween physical, human, and technological systems pose major challenges to disaster risk reduction(DRR). Subsequently, economic losses caused by natural hazards are increasing in many regions of theworld, despite scientific progress, persistent policy action, and international cooperation. We argue thatthese dramatic figures call for novel scientific approaches and new types of data collection to integratethe two main approaches that still dominate the science underpinning DRR: the hazard paradigm and thevulnerability paradigm. Building from these two approaches, here we propose a research framework thatspecifies the scope of enquiry, concepts, and general relations among phenomena. We then discuss theessential steps to advance systematic empirical research and evidence-based DRR policy action.
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| 6. |
- Magaard, Gustaf, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying unmet rehabilitation needs in patients after stroke with a graphic rehab-compassTM
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Stroke & Cerebrovascular Diseases. - : Elsevier. - 1052-3057 .- 1532-8511. ; 27:11, s. 3224-3235
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Unmet rehabilitation needs are common among stroke survivors. We aimed to evaluate whether a comprehensive graphic "Rehab-Compass," a novel combination of structured patient-reported outcome measures, was feasible and useful in facilitating a capture of patients' rehabilitation needs in clinical practice.METHODS: A new graphic overview of broad unmet rehabilitation needs covers deficits in functioning, daily activity, participation, and quality of life. It was constructed by using 5 patient-oriented, well-validated, and reliable existing instruments with converted data into a 0 (worst outcome) to 100 (best outcome) scale but unchanged in terms of variable properties. Satisfaction of the Rehab-CompassTM was studied by a qualitative interview of 9 patients with stroke and 3 clinicians. Practical feasibility and capacity of the instrument were evaluated in a cross-sectionalstudy with 48 patients at 5-month follow-ups after subarachnoid hemorrhage.RESULTS: The Rehab-CompassTM identified and graphically visualized a panoramic view of the multidimensional needs over time which was completed before clinical consultation. The Rehab-CompassTM appeared to be feasible and time-efficientin clinical use. The interviews of both patients and clinicians showed high satisfaction when using the Rehab-CompassTM graph. In the studied stroke patients, the Rehab-CompassTM identified memory and processing information, fatigue, mood, and pain after subarachnoid hemorrhage as the most common problems.CONCLUSIONS: The graphic Rehab-CompassTM seems to be a feasible, useful, and time-saving tool for identification of unmet rehabilitation needs among stroke survivors in clinical practice. Further research is needed to make the Rehab-CompassTM more concise and evaluate the instrument among different stroke subgroups.
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| 7. |
- Nyman, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Area measurement of carotid plaque comparing B-MODE, Doppler color and contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging
- 2016
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Ingår i: Atherosclerosis. - : Elsevier. - 0021-9150 .- 1879-1484. ; 252, s. E191-E191
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Objectives: Carotid plaque characteristic analysis are suggested to improve risk stratification. Plaque area and echolucent plaques have shown to correlate with increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. A limitation with B-mode imaging is the uncertainty that the whole plaque area is identified, primarily on echolucent plaques. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is used to improve carotid imaging including better plaque area measurement. Aim: Evaluate if CEUS could improve accurate plaque area measurement compared with B-mode and Doppler color flow imaging. Methods: The study included 28 participants (50% females, mean age 58 years) with identified asymptomatic carotid plaques. We performed B-mode, Doppler color and CEUS ultrasound imaging whereas the plaque area was manually outdrawn by a single operator. Plaques were also subjectively classified as 1 echogenic, 2 echolucent, or 3 mixed plaques. Results: We did not find a significant difference in plaque area measurements between different ultrasound image modalities having all plaque types included. In the group of echolucent plaques (n= 11) we found a significant different between B-mode and CEUS (p=0.049) and also between B-mode and Doppler color imaging (p=0.039) (Illustrated in Fig 1). Conclusions: Echolucent plaque can be underestimated with B-mode imaging. Use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound should be considered in carotid plaque imaging on echolucent plaques when plaque outline is difficult to identify.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Nyman, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Risk marker variability in subclinical carotid plaques based on ultrasound is influenced by cardiac phase, echogenicity and size
- 2018
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Ingår i: Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. - : Elsevier. - 0301-5629 .- 1879-291X. ; 44:8, s. 1742-1750
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Identification of risk markers based on quantitative ultrasound texture analysis of carotid plaques has the ability to define vulnerable components that correlate with increased cardiovascular risk. However, data describing factors with the potential to influence the measurement variability of risk markers are limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of electrocardiogram-guided image selection, plaque echogenicity and area on carotid plaque risk markers and their variability in asymptomatic carotid plaques. Plaque risk markers were measured in 57 plaques during three consecutive heartbeats at two cardiac cycle time instants corresponding to the electrocardiogram R-wave (end diastole) and end of T-wave (end systole), resulting in six measurements for each plaque. Risk marker variability was quantified by computing the coefficient of variation (CV) across the three heartbeats. The CV was significantly higher for small plaques (area <15 mm2, 10%) than for large plaques (area >15 mm2, 6%) (p <0.001) in measurements of area, and the CV for measurements of gray-scale median were higher for echolucent plaques (<40, 15%) than for echogenic plaques (>40, 9%) (p <0.001). No significant differences were found between systole and diastole for the mean of any risk marker or the corresponding CV value. However, in a sub-analysis, the echolucent plaques were found to have a higher CV during systole compared with diastole. The variability also caused plaque type reclassification in 16% to 25% of the plaques depending on cutoff value. The results of this study indicate that echolucent and small plaques each contribute to increased risk marker variability. Based on these results, we recommend that measurements in diastole arc preferred to reduce variation, although we found that it may not be possible to characterize small plaques accurately using contemporary applied risk markers.
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| 10. |
- Nyman, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Tourism destination choice sets for families with wheelchair-bound children
- 2018
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Ingår i: Tourism Recreation Resarch. - : Routledge. - 0250-8281 .- 2320-0308. ; 43:1, s. 26-38
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Families with disabled children encounter a range of mobility constraints when travelling for tourism purposes, yet how such constraints affect their ultimate destination choices is currently not well understood. This paper applies a destination choice set model to explain how families with wheelchair-bound children with cerebral palsy choose their holiday destinations. Interviews with 13 parents revealed that these families find many destinations unavailable due to various mobility and travel constraints, such as inaccessible modes of transport and accommodations. The destination choices are trade-offs between constraints and desires of the disabled child and other family members. The findings suggest that the destination choice set model for this particular target group should also consider an ‘accessible set’ of destinations with universal design when exploring travel-related decisions of these families. Finally, the paper argues for a more differentiated approach towards identifying and responding to travel constraints of families with disabled children.
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