| 1. |
- Aguilar, J A, et al.
(författare)
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Transmission of light in deep sea water at the site of the ANTARES neutrino telescope
- 2005
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Ingår i: Astroparticle physics. - : Elsevier. - 0927-6505 .- 1873-2852. ; 23:1, s. 131-155
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ANTARES neutrino telescope is a large photomultiplier array designed to detect neutrino-induced upward-going muons by their Cherenkov radiation. Understanding the absorption and scattering of light in the deep Mediterranean is fundamental to optimising the design and performance of the detector. This paper presents measurements of blue and UV light transmission at the ANTARES site taken between 1997 and 2000. The derived values for the scattering length and the angular distribution of particulate scattering were found to be highly correlated, and results are therefore presented in terms of an absorption length;,ab, and an effective scattering length lambda(sct)(eff). The values for blue (UV) light are found to be lambda(abs) similar or equal to 60(26) m, lambda(sct)(eff similar or equal to) 265(122) m, with significant (similar to15%) time variability. Finally, the results of ANTARES simulations showing the effect of these water properties on the anticipated performance of the detector are presented. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- Aguilar, J A, et al.
(författare)
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Study of large hemispherical photomultiplier tubes for the ANTARES neutrino telescope
- 2005
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Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. - : Elsevier. - 0168-9002 .- 1872-9576. ; 555:1-2, s. 132-141
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ANTARES neutrino telescope, to be immersed depth in the Mediterranean Sea, will consist of a three-dimensional matrix of 900 large area photomultiplier tubes housed in pressure-resistant glass spheres. The selection of the optimal photomultiplier was a critical step for the project and required an intensive phase of tests and developments carried out in close collaboration with the main manufacturers worldwide. This paper provides an overview of the tests performed by the collaboration and describes in detail the features of the photomultiplier tube chosen for ANTARES. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Gasser, T. Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Hyperelastic modelling of arterial layers with distributed collagen fibre orientations
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of the Royal Society Interface. - : The Royal Society. - 1742-5689 .- 1742-5662. ; 3:6, s. 15-35
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Constitutive relations are fundamental to the solution of problems in continuum mechanics, and are required in the study of, for example, mechanically dominated clinical interventions involving soft biological tissues. Structural continuum constitutive models of arterial layers integrate information about the tissue morphology and therefore allow investigation of the interrelation between structure and function in response to mechanical loading. Collagen fibres are key ingredients in the structure of arteries. In the media (the middle layer of the artery wall) they are arranged in two helically distributed families with a small pitch and very little dispersion in their orientation (i.e. they are aligned quite close to the circumferential direction). By contrast, in the adventitial and intimal layers, the orientation of the collagen fibres is dispersed, as shown by polarized light microscopy of stained arterial tissue. As a result, continuum models that do not account for the dispersion are not able to capture accurately the stress-strain response of these layers. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to develop a structural continuum framework that is able to represent the dispersion of the collagen fibre orientation. This then allows the development of a new hyperelastic free-energy function that is particularly suited for representing the anisotropic elastic properties of adventitial and intimal layers of arterial walls, and is a generalization of the fibre-reinforced structural model introduced by Holzapfel & Gasser (Holzapfel & Gasser 2001 Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. 190, 4379-4403) and Holzapfel et al. (Holzapfel et al. 2000 J. Elast. 61, 1-48). The model incorporates an additional scalar structure parameter that characterizes the dispersed collagen orientation. An efficient finite element implementation of the model is then presented and numerical examples show that the dispersion of the orientation of collagen fibres in the adventitia of human iliac arteries has a significant effect on their mechanical response.
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| 4. |
- Holzapfel, Gerhard A., et al.
(författare)
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Constitutive modelling of passive myocardium : a structurally based framework for material characterization
- 2009
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Ingår i: Philosophical Transactions. Series A. - : The Royal Society. - 1364-503X .- 1471-2962. ; 367:1902, s. 3445-3475
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we first of all review the morphology and structure of the myocardium and discuss the main features of the mechanical response of passive myocardium tissue, which is an orthotropic material. Locally within the architecture of the myocardium three mutually orthogonal directions can be identified, forming planes with distinct material responses. We treat the left ventricular myocardium as a non-homogeneous, thick-walled, nonlinearly elastic and incompressible material and develop a general theoretical framework based on invariants associated with the three directions. Within this framework we review existing constitutive models and then develop a structurally based model that accounts for the muscle fibre direction and the myocyte sheet structure. The model is applied to simple shear and biaxial deformations and a specific form fitted to the existing (and somewhat limited) experimental data, emphasizing the orthotropy and the limitations of biaxial tests. The need for additional data is highlighted. A brief discussion of issues of convexity of the model and related matters concludes the paper.
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| 5. |
- Holzapfel, Gerhard A., et al.
(författare)
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Layer-specific 3D residual deformations of human aortas with non-atherosclerotic intimal thickening
- 2007
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Ingår i: Annals of Biomedical Engineering. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0090-6964 .- 1573-9686. ; 35:4, s. 530-545
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Data relating to residual deformations in human arteries are scarce. In this paper we investigate three-dimensional residual deformations for intact strips and for their separate layers from human aortas in their passive state. From 11 abdominal aortas with identified anamnesis, 16 pairs of rings and axial strips were harvested, and the rings cut open. After 16 h images of the resulting geometries were recorded, and the strips were separated into their three layers; after another 6 h images were again recorded. Image processing and analysis was then used to quantify residual stretches and curvatures. For each specimen histological analysis established that the intima, media and adventitia were clearly separated, and the separation was atraumatic. Axial in situ stretches were determined to be 1.196 +/- 0.084. On separation, the strips from the adventitia and media shortened (between 4.03 and 8.76% on average), while the intimal strips elongated on average by 3.84% (circumferential) and 4.28% (axial) relative to the associated intact strips. After separation, the adventitia from the ring sprang open by about 180 degrees on average, becoming flat, the intima opened only slightly, but the media sprang open by more than 180 degrees (as did the intact strip). The adventitia and intima from the axial strips remained flat, while the media (and the intact strip) bent away from the vessel axis. This study has shown that residual deformations are three dimensional and cannot be described by a single parameter such as 'the' opening angle. Their quantification and modeling therefore require consideration of both stretching and bending, which are highly layer-specific and axially dependent.
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| 6. |
- Holzapfel, Gerhard A., et al.
(författare)
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On planar biaxial tests for anisotropic nonlinearly elastic solids. A continuum mechanical framework
- 2009
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Ingår i: Mathematics and mechanics of solids. - : SAGE Publications. - 1081-2865 .- 1741-3028. ; 14:5, s. 474-489
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mechanical testing of anisotropic nonlinearly elastic solids is a topic of considerable and increasing interest. The results of such testing are important, in particular, for the characterization of the material properties and the development of constitutive laws that can be used for predictive purposes. However, the literature on this topic in the context of soft tissue biomechanics, in particular, includes some papers that are misleading since they contain errors and false statements. Claims that planar biaxial testing can fully characterize the three-dimensional anisotropic elastic properties of soft tissues are incorrect. There is therefore a need to clarify the extent to which biaxial testing can be used for determining the elastic properties of these materials. In this paper this is explained on the basis of the equations of finite deformation transversely isotropic elasticity, and general planar anisotropic elasticity. It is shown that it is theoretically impossible to fully characterize the properties of anisotropic elastic materials using such tests unless some assumption is made that enables a suitable subclass of models to be preselected. Moreover, it is shown that certain assumptions underlying the analysis of planar biaxial tests are inconsistent with the classical linear theory of orthotropic elasticity. Possible sets of independent tests required for full material characterization are then enumerated.
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| 7. |
- Németh, I., et al.
(författare)
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On the modelling of amplitude and frequency-dependent properties in rubberlike solids
- 2005
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Ingår i: Constitutive Models for Rubber IV. - 0415383463 - 9780415383462 ; , s. 285-291
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In these days the development of vehicles is partly based on numerical simulations using computer programs developed to simulate the dynamics of multi-body systems. Constitutive models in combination with finite element implementations are required for the prediction of the mechanical behaviour of, e.g., rubberlike solids within vehicle components, which then provide a basis for simulations in multi-body systems. One aim of the present communication is to deal with the experimental investigation of the amplitude and frequency- dependent mechanical properties in rubberlike solids at constant temperature. Quasi-static uniaxial, equibiaxial and simple shear tests on natural rubber compounds were carried out in order to analyze their mechanical responses including the typical stress softening effect. In addition, cyclic uniaxial tension tests were performed for the determination of dynamical properties. Another aim of this communication is to summarize a constitutive model which captures the typical mechanical phenomena observed during the experiment investigation. A method for parameter identification is briefly described and a set of numerical data presented.
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