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- Kreiser, Patrick, et al.
(författare)
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A Historical Investigation of the Strategic Process within Family Firms
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Management History. - 1355-252X .- 1758-776X. ; 12:1, s. 100-114
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose of this paper: The primary purpose of this paper was to perform an in-depth analysis of the strategic process that occurs within family firms.Design/methodology/approach: This study analyzed the historical development of the growth strategies of five family firms in the United States, Finland, and Sweden.Findings: The results of this study suggest that family firms typically adopt conservative strategies in the early part of their life cycle. During their formative years, family firms often implement financially conservative strategies and place an emphasis on maintaining tight control of the strategic decision-making process within the family unit. However, the competitive pressures experienced by family firms over time often force these companies to embrace a more entrepreneurial posture during the latter stages of their life cycle.Research Implications: The stage in the company life cycle plays an important role in determining the strategic behavior of family firms. Future research aimed at replicating the results of this study may help shed further light on the strategic process that occurs within family firms.Practical Implications: Although the firms examined in this study were from various cultures, their strategic development over time was very similar. This tentatively suggests that the evolution of the strategic process that occurs within family firms may be generalizable across cultures.What is original/value of paper: Our findings indicate that there may be an important distinction between family firms and entrepreneurial organizations. That is, all family firms are not necessarily entrepreneurial, especially early on in their company life cycle.Paper Type: Research paperKey Words: Family Firms, Pulp and Paper Industry, Entrepreneurship, United States, Sweden, Finland
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- Seppa, Heikki, et al.
(författare)
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Calibrated pollen accumulation rates as a basis for quantitative tree biomass reconstructions
- 2009
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Ingår i: The Holocene. - : SAGE Publications. - 0959-6836 .- 1477-0911. ; 19:2, s. 209-220
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent investigations show that the pollen accumulation rate (PAR) of the common tree taxa is directly related to the biomass and, by inference, to the population size of the taxa around the study site. Fossil PAR records preserved in lakes provide therefore a potential proxy for quantitative biomass and population reconstructions. We use the high-resolution PAR records obtained from two accurately dated lake sediment cores in Finland to generate quantitative Holocene biomass records for Pinus, Picea and Betula, the most common tree taxa of the European Boreal forest. PAR values were calibrated to biomass values by comparing the modern PAR values with the modern biomass values and assuming a linear relationship between the past PAR and biomass values. The obtained PAR and biomass values and trends are remarkably coherent between the two records. Pinus has a stable Holocene biomass size and its modern biomass, about 20 t/ha corresponds with the natural Pinus biomass in the study regions. In contrast, Picea immigrated from the East during the mid Holocene, had a maximum biomass, 50-60 t/ha, at 3500-1000 cal. yr BP, and declined strongly during the last 1500-1000 years as a result of increased human activity and related rise of fire frequency. Thus, the modern Picea biomass in the study regions, about 22 t/ha, is only 35-40% of the natural Picea biomass. The results of this pilot study demonstrate the potential of the calibrated PAR data in quantitative biomass and population reconstructions. Such reconstructions can provide fresh insights into the structure of past plant communities and, when combined with records reflecting palaeoclimates, natural disturbances, and human activity, can help to disentangle the long-term importance of different enviromental drivers to changes in plants populations and ecosystems.
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- Snowball, Ian, et al.
(författare)
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FENNOSTACK and FENNORPIS: Varve dated Holocene palaeomagnetic secular variation and relative palaeointensity stacks for Fennoscandia
- 2007
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Ingår i: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 1385-013X .- 0012-821X. ; 255, s. 106-116
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A Holocene palaeomagnetic secular variation master curve (FENNOSTACK) and a relative palaeointensity curve (FENNORPIS) for Fennoscandia are presented. These curves were produced by stacking palaeomagnetic data obtained from six annually laminated (varved) lake sediment sequences and one non-laminated sediment sequence. The six independent varve chronologies were combined to form a timescale, which extends between the present year and 10,200 Cal yr BP. Smoothed inclination and declination curves show trends that are similar to a palaeomagnetic secular variation curve for the United Kingdom, except that the ages of most of the statistically significant features are a few hundred years younger in the Fennoscandian data set. These differences are most likely due to excessively old ages of the United Kingdom features produced by the radiocarbon dating of bulk sediments. The standardized relative palaeointensity stack shows that the intensity of the geomagnetic field in Fennoscandia was highest at 2300 Cal yr BP and lowest at 7000 Cal yr BP. Three palaeointensity peaks (PIPs) and three palaeointensity lows (PILs) are identified in FENNORPIS and indicate that the intensity of geomagnetic field varied significantly on millennial scales in this region during the Holocene, but there is much scatter in the reconstruction prior to 8000 Cal yr BP. Higher frequency palaeointensity features present in individual records are not significant in the stacked data set, which implies that these are a result of local environmental bias. Significant discrepancies exist between the data and the output of the CALS7K.2 geomagnetic field model for the last 7000 yr. In particular, the largest declination swing observed in the data at 2670 Cal yr BP (feature “f”) is not produced by the model, which is most likely due to the influence of an inaccurately dated Icelandic secular variation curve on the model result. Short term trends in standardized relative palaeointensity do differ from the model output, but it is difficult to make a comparison because of the relative nature of the sediment record. Better absolute palaeointensity data are needed to reduce uncertainties in reconstructions of past geomagnetic field strength.
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