| 1. |
- Aitomäki, Yvonne, et al.
(författare)
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Cellulose nanofibril nanocomposites processing
- 2013
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Ingår i: Production and Applications of Cellulose Nanomaterials. - Peachtree Corners, GA : TAPPI Press. - 9781595102249 ; , s. 271-274
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Impregnation of a preformed network of nanofibrils leads to high fibre volume fraction nanocomposites and with this good mechanical properties have been achieved. However, comparing nanofibrils composite made with different volume fractions and different matrices is difficult. In order to do this, and in doing so gain insight into the most promising approaches, methods of measuring reinforcing efficiencies are being developed. The results show that for matrices with low stiffness the stiffness reinforcing efficiency is high. However with high fibre volume fraction and high stiffness, this network effect may lead to a lack of exploitation of the properties of the nanofibrils. Alignment of the nanofibrils is also a key in effective reinforcement. In addition, upscaling of the impregnation process requires a good understanding of permeability and adaptation of existing permeability models for cellulose nanofibrils networks as well as experiments on their permeability are ongoing.
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| 2. |
- Aitomäki, Yvonne, et al.
(författare)
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Impregnation of cellulose nanofibre networks with a thermoplastic polymer
- 2013
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The emphasis of this study have been to study if impregnation of cellulose nanofibre networks can be made using a thermoplastic polymer as a matrix and to estimate the reinforcing efficiency of the cellulose nanofibres in this composite. A nanofibre network with higher porosity that water-dried nanofibre network was prepared from a cellulose waste byproduct (sludge). This was impregnated using a diluted solution of cellulose acetate butyrate polymer to produce a 60 wt. % CNF/CAB composite. This composite was characterized using microscopy and mechanical testing. High porosity is seen in the SEM images of the acetone-dried fibre network and SEM and film transparency was used to qualitatively assess the impregnation of the network. A significant improvement in the visible light transmittance was observed for the nanocomposite film compared to the nanofibre network as a result of the impregnation. The reinforcing efficiency was calculated based on a model of the nanocomposite and compared to other nanocomposites in the literature. The efficiency factor takes into account the volume fraction and the stiffness of the matrix. This showed that this CNF/CAB combination is similar in efficiency to CNF/PLA nanocomposites and more efficient that nanocomposites using when using stiffer matrices. It was also more efficient CNF nanocomposites based on Chitosan, which has the same stiffness. It is still however not as efficient as traditional glass polymer composites due to the random orientation of the fibres nor nanocomposites with very soft matrices due to the dominating network effect of the CNF in such composites. In conclusion, CAB impregnated cellulose nanofibre networks are promising biocomposite materials that could be used in applications where transparency and good mechanical properties are of interest. The key elements in the impregnation process of the nanocomposites were the use of a porous networks and a low viscosity thermoplastic resin solution.
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| 3. |
- Aitomäki, Yvonne, et al.
(författare)
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Quantifying reinforcing efficiency of nanocellulose fibres
- 2013
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Ingår i: Processing of fibre composites-challenges for maximum materials performance. - Risö : Dept. of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark. - 9788792896513 ; , s. 149-160
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cellulose nanofibres are found in all plants and have the potential to provide a sustainable biobased material source. These nanofibres can be used for reinforcing polymers and thus as structural materials. Very promising results have been reported for different nanocomposites but to compete with existing materials, it is important to understand what progress has been made towards structural materials using nanocellulose. To do this the reinforcing efficiency of the stiffness and strength of nanocellulose in different nanocomposites has been calculated for a number of reported nanocellulose fibre based composites. For the stiffness this is done by back-calculating a reinforcing efficiency factor from a Halpin-Tsai model and laminate theory. For the strength efficiency, two models are used: a classic short fibre composite model and a network model. The results show that orientation is key to the stiffness efficiency, as shown by the high efficiency of aligned natural fibres. The stiffness efficiency is, as expected, high in soft matrices but in stiff matrices, the network effect of the nanofibres is possibility limiting their reinforcing potential. The strength efficiency results show that in all the nanocomposites evaluated the network model is closer to predicting strength than the short fibre composite model. The correlation between the network strength and the composite strength suggest that much of the stress transfer is from fibre to fibre and strong nanocomposites depend heavily on having a strong network. Also noted is that in composite processing a good impregnation of the nanofibers is also seen as an important factor in the efficiency of both strength and stiffness.
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| 4. |
- Aitomäki, Yvonne, et al.
(författare)
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Reinforcing efficiency of nanocellulose in polymers
- 2014
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Ingår i: Reactive & functional polymers. - : Elsevier BV. - 1381-5148 .- 1873-166X. ; 85, s. 151-156
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nanocellulose extracted from renewable sources, is a promising reinforcement for many polymers and is a material where strong interfibre hydrogen bonds add effects not seen in microfiber composites. Presented is a tool for comparing different nanocellulose composites based on estimating the efficiency of nanocellulose reinforcement. A reinforcing efficiency factor is calculated from reported values of elastic modulus and strength from various nanocellulose composites using established micromechanical models. In addition, for the strength, a network model is derived based on fibre-fibre bond strength within nanocellulose networks. The strength results highlight the importance of the plastic deformation in the nanocellulose composites. Both modulus and strength efficiency show that the network strength and modulus has a greater effect than that of the individual constituents. In the best cases, nanocellulose reinforcement exceeds all model predictions.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Butchosa Robles, Núria, 1984-
(författare)
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Tailoring Cellulose Nanofibrils for Advanced Materials
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are nanoscale fibers of high aspect ratio that can be isolated from a wide variety of cellulosic sources, including wood and bacterial cellulose. With high strength despite of their low density, CNFs are a promising renewable building block for the preparation of nanostructured materials and composites. To fabricate CNF-based materials with improved inherent rheological and mechanical properties and additional new functionalities, it is essential to tailor the surface properties of individual CNFs. The surface structures control the interactions between CNFs and ultimately dictate the structure and macroscale properties of the bulk material. In this thesis we have demonstrated different approaches, ranging from non-covalent adsorption and covalent chemical modification to modification of cellulose biosynthesis, to tailor the structure and surface functionalities of CNFs for the fabrication of advanced materials. These materials possess enhanced properties such as water-redispersibility, water absorbency, dye adsorption capacity, antibacterial activity, and mechanical properties.In Paper I, CNFs were modified via the irreversible adsorption of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The adsorption of small amounts of CMC onto the surface of CNFs prevented agglomeration and co-crystallization of the nanofibrils upon drying, and allowed the recovery of rheological and mechanical properties after redispersion of dried CNF samples.In Paper II, CNFs bearing permanent cationic charges were prepared through quaternization of wood pulp fibers followed by mechanical disintegration. The activation of the hydroxyl groups on pulp fibers by alkaline treatment was optimized prior to quaternization. This optimization resulted in individual CNFs with uniform width and tunable cationic charge densities. These cationic CNFs demonstrated ultrahigh water absorbency and high adsorption capacity for anionic dyes.In Paper III, via a similar approach as in Paper II, CNFs bearing polyethylene glycol (PEG) were prepared by covalently grafting PEG to carboxylated pulp fibers prior to mechanical disintegration. CNFs with a high surface chain density of PEG and a uniform width were oriented to produce macroscopic ribbons simply by mechanical stretching of the CNF hydrogel network before drying. The uniform grafted thin monolayer of PEG on the surface of individual CNFs prevented the agglomeration of CNFs and facilitated their alignment upon mechanical stretching, thus resulted in ribbons with ultrahigh tensile strength and modulus. These optically transparent ribbons also demonstrated interesting biaxial light scattering behavior.In Paper IV, bacterial cellulose (BC) was modified by the addition of chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs) into the growing culture medium of the bacteria Acetobacter aceti which secretes cellulose in the form of entangled nanofibers. This led to the in situ incorporation of ChNCs into the BC nanofibers network and resulted in BC/ChNC nanocomposites exhibiting bactericidal activity. Further, blending of BC nanofibers with ChNCs produced nanocomposite films with relatively lower tensile strength and modulus compared to the in situ cultivated ones. The bactericidal activity increased significantly with increasing amount of ChNCs for nanocomposites prepared by direct mixing of BC nanofibers and ChNCs.In Paper V, CNFs were isolated from suspension-cultured wild-type (WT) and cellulose-binding module (CBM) transformed tobacco BY-2 (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv bright yellow) cells. Results from strong sulfuric acid hydrolysis indicated that CNFs from transgenic cells overexpressing CBM consisted of longer cellulose nanocrystals compared to CNFs from WT cells. Nanopapers prepared from CNFs of transgenic cells demonstrated significantly enhanced toughness compared to CNFs of WT cells.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Eyholzer, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Biocomposite hydrogels with carboxymethylated, nanofibrillated cellulose powder for replacement of the nucleus pulposus
- 2011
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Ingår i: Biomacromolecules. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1525-7797 .- 1526-4602. ; 12:5, s. 1419-1427
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biocomposite hydrogels with carboxymethylated, nanofibrillated cellulose (c-NFC) powder were prepared by UV polymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone with Tween 20 trimethacrylate as a crosslinking agent for replacement of the native, human nucleus pulposus (NP) in intervertebral discs. The swelling ratios and the moduli of elasticity in compression of neat and biocomposite hydrogels were evaluated in dependence of c-NFC concentration (ranging from 0 to 1.6% v/v) and degree of substitution (DS, ranging from 0 to 0.23). The viscoelastic properties in shear and the material relaxation behavior in compression were measured for neat and biocomposite hydrogels containing 0.4% v/v of fibrils (DS ranging from 0 to 0.23) and their morphologies were characterized by cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM). The obtained results show that the biocomposite hydrogels can successfully mimic the mechanical and swelling behavior of the NP. In addition, the presence of the c-NFC show lower strain values after cyclic compression tests and consequently create improved material relaxation properties, compared to neat hydrogels. Among the tested samples, the biocomposite hydrogel containing 0.4% v/v of c-NFC with a DS of 0.17 shows the closest behavior to native NP. Further investigation should focus on evaluation and improvement of the long-term relaxation behavior.
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| 10. |
- Eyholzer, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Dispersion and reinforcing potential of carboxymethylated nanofibrillated cellulose powders modified with 1-hexanol in extruded poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Polymers and the Environment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1566-2543 .- 1572-8919 .- 1572-8900. ; 29:4, s. 1052-1062
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bionanocomposites of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and chemically modified, nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) powders were prepared by extrusion, followed by injection molding. The chemically modified NFC powders were prepared by carboxymethylation and mechanical disintegration of refined, bleached beech pulp (c-NFC), and subsequent esterification with 1-hexanol (c-NFC-hex). A solvent mix was then prepared by precipitating a suspension of c-NFC-hex and acetone-dissolved PLA in ice-cold isopropanol (c-NFC-hex sm), extruded with PLA into pellets at different polymer/fiber ratios, and finally injection molded. Dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile tests were performed to study the reinforcing potential of dried and chemically modified NFC powders for PLA composite applications. The results showed a faint increase in modulus of elasticity of 10 % for composites with a loading of 7.5 % w/w of fibrils, irrespective of the type of chemically modified NFC powder. The increase in stiffness was accompanied by a slight decrease in tensile strength for all samples, as compared with neat PLA. The viscoelastic properties of the composites were essentially identical to neat PLA. The absence of a clear reinforcement of the polymer matrix was attributed to poor interactions with PLA and insufficient dispersion of the chemically modified NFC powders in the composite, as observed from scanning electron microscope images. Further explanation was found in the decrease of the thermal stability and crystallinity of the cellulose upon carboxymethylation
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