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- Metzl, Nicolas, et al.
(författare)
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Recent acceleration of the sea surface fCO2 growth rate in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre (1993–2008) revealed by winter observations
- 2010
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Ingår i: GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES. - 0886-6236. ; 24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent studies based on ocean and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) observations, suggesting that the ocean carbon uptake has been reduced, may help explain the increase in the fraction of anthropogenic CO2 emissions that remain in the atmosphere. Is it a response to climate change or a signal of ocean natural variability or both? Regional process analyses are needed to follow the ocean carbon uptake and to enable better attributions of the observed changes. Here, we describe the evolution of the surface ocean CO2 fugacity (fCO2 oc) over the period 1993–2008 in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre (NASPG). This analysis is based primarily on observations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) conducted at different seasons in the NASPG between Iceland and Canada. The fCO2 oc trends based on DIC and TA data are also compared with direct fCO2 measurements obtained between 2003 and 2007 in the same region. During winters 1993–2003, the fCO2 oc growth rate was 3.7 (±0.6) matm yr−1, higher than in the atmosphere, 1.8 (±0.1) matm yr−1. This translates to a reduction of the ocean carbon uptake primarily explained by sea surface warming, up to 0.24 (±0.04) °C yr−1. This warming is a consequence of advection of warm water northward from the North Atlantic into the Irminger basin, which occurred as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index moved into a negative phase in winter 1995/1996. In winter 2001–2008, the fCO2 oc rise was particularly fast, between 5.8 (±1.1) and 7.2 (±1.3) matm yr−1 depending on the region, more than twice the atmospheric growth rate of 2.1 (±0.2) matm yr−1, and in the winter of 2007–2008 the area was supersaturated with CO2. As opposed to the 1990s, this appears to be almost entirely due to changes in seawater carbonate chemistry, the combination of increasing DIC and decreasing of TA. The rapid fCO2 oc increase was not only driven by regional uptake of anthropogenic CO2 but was also likely controlled by a recent increase in convective processes‐vertical mixing in the NASPG and cannot be directly associated with NAO variability. The fCO2 oc increase observed in 2001–2008 leads to a significant drop in pH of −0.069 (±0.007) decade−1.
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- Olafsdottir, Steingerdur, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Young children's screen activities, sweet drink consumption and anthropometry : results from a prospective European study
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 0954-3007 .- 1476-5640. ; 68:2, s. 223-228
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This longitudinal study describes the relationship between young children's screen time, dietary habits and anthropometric measures. The hypothesis was that television viewing and other screen activities at baseline result in increased consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and increased BMI, BMI z-score and waist to height ratio (WHtR) two years later. A second hypothesis was that SSB consumption mediates the association between the screen activities and changes in the anthropometric measures. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The study is a part of the prospective cohort study IDEFICS ("Identification and prevention of dietary and lifestyle-induced health effects in children and infants"), investigating diet, lifestyle and social determinants of obesity in 2 to 9-year-olds in eight European countries (baseline n = 16 225, two-year follow-up; n = 11 038). Anthropometry was objectively measured, and behaviours were parent-reported. RESULTS: The main hypothesis was supported, but the second hypothesis was not confirmed. The odds ratio of being in the highest quintile of % change in WHtR was 1.26 (95% CI: 1.17-1.36) and in BMI 1.22 (95% CI: 1.13-1.31), for each hour per day watching television. The odds ratio of having increased SSB consumption was 1.19 (95% CI: 1.09-1.29) for each hour per day watching TV. The associations for total screen time were slightly weaker. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate substantial effects of TV viewing and other screen activities for young children, both on their consumption of sugary drinks and on an increase in BMI and central obesity. Our findings suggest that television viewing seems to have a stronger effect on food habits and anthropometry than other screen activities in this age group.
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