| 1. |
- Ballantyne, Kaye N., et al.
(författare)
-
Toward Male Individualization with Rapidly Mutating Y-Chromosomal Short Tandem Repeats
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Human Mutation. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1059-7794 .- 1098-1004. ; 35:8, s. 1021-1032
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Relevant for various areas of human genetics, Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) are commonly used for testing close paternal relationships among individuals and populations, and for male lineage identification. However, even the widely used 17-loci Yfiler set cannot resolve individuals and populations completely. Here, 52 centers generated quality-controlled data of 13 rapidly mutating (RM) Y-STRs in 14,644 related and unrelated males from 111 worldwide populations. Strikingly, greater than99% of the 12,272 unrelated males were completely individualized. Haplotype diversity was extremely high (global: 0.9999985, regional: 0.99836-0.9999988). Haplotype sharing between populations was almost absent except for six (0.05%) of the 12,156 haplotypes. Haplotype sharing within populations was generally rare (0.8% nonunique haplotypes), significantly lower in urban (0.9%) than rural (2.1%) and highest in endogamous groups (14.3%). Analysis of molecular variance revealed 99.98% of variation within populations, 0.018% among populations within groups, and 0.002% among groups. Of the 2,372 newly and 156 previously typed male relative pairs, 29% were differentiated including 27% of the 2,378 father-son pairs. Relative to Yfiler, haplotype diversity was increased in 86% of the populations tested and overall male relative differentiation was raised by 23.5%. Our study demonstrates the value of RMY-STRs in identifying and separating unrelated and related males and provides a reference database.
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Löfmarck, Erik, 1974-
(författare)
-
Den hand som föder dig : En studie av risk, mat och moderskap i Sverige och Polen
- 2014
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This is a study of how mothers of young children relate to risk in everyday life, with an emphasis on the invisible risks associated with modernity in general, and with food in particular. It explores variations and similarities in how mothers deal with risk in two cultural contexts: Sweden and Poland. The study is based on twenty qualitative interviews with university educated mothers of small children in Stockholm and Warsaw. While risks more generally challenge how we “get on” with our lives, mothers of young children in particular have a special relationship to risk. During pregnancy and breastfeeding they are subject to all kinds of risk minimization efforts, and mothers are ultimately held "infinitely responsible" for their children's welfare by society. Women's transition to parenthood then makes for a particularly interesting case as to how risks manifest in everyday life. The theoretical framework draws on modernization theory, combined with insights from cultural theory. In addition, various contributions from sociological and psychological risk research, family sociology and research on parenting and motherhood are used to highlight contextual aspects and to interpret the empirical results. Two aspects of the mothers’ relationship to risk and food are examined in this study: firstly, their risk constructs, i.e. what they perceive as ‘risky’ with regards to food; and, secondly, their risk management strategies, i.e. how they deal with identified risks on a practical and cognitive level. The overall risk management depicted in this study is characterized by reflexivity, critical thinking, information retrieval, attention to scientific evidence, purposely transferred trust, confidence and the ability to make fairly sophisticated tradeoffs between risks and other aspects of life. Neither the Swedish nor the Polish mothers then conform to popular notions of ‘security junkies’ or ‘paranoid parenting’. Nonetheless, the comparative approach demonstrates how contextual differences, such as general trust levels and family policy, influence both the risk constructs and the employment of different risk management strategies.
|
|
| 5. |
- Lökk, Johan, et al.
(författare)
-
Willingness to pay for a new drug delivery in Parkinson patients.
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. - 1178-2390. ; 7, s. 431-440
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish reimbursement system operates a system where prices are set based on the expected value to the consumer. This value can be measured using willingness to pay (WTP).
|
|
| 6. |
- Marcusson, Linda L., et al.
(författare)
-
Mutant prevention concentrations of pradofloxacin for susceptible and mutant strains of Escherichia coli with reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility
- 2014
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. - : Elsevier BV. - 0924-8579 .- 1872-7913. ; 44:4, s. 354-357
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pharmacodynamic and mutant prevention properties of the fluoroquinolone pradofloxacin (PRA) were measured against a set of 17 Escherichia coli strains carrying no, one or two known mutations conferring reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility. The strains included susceptible wild-types, isogenic constructed mutants, isogenic selected mutants and clinical isolates. The effectiveness of PRA was determined with regard to preventing the selection of resistant mutants, using static and changing concentrations of drug. Ciprofloxacin was used as a reference drug. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and mutant prevention concentrations (MPCs) of PRA for the susceptible wild-type strains were in the range 0.012-0.016 mg/L and 0.2-0.3 mg/L, respectively, giving a mean +/- standard deviation mutant prevention index (MPI=MPC/MIC) of 17.7 +/- 1.1. The mean MPI PRA of the 14 mutant strains was 19.2 +/- 12, and the mean MPI across all 17 strains was 18.9 +/- 10.8. In an in vitro kinetic model in which PRA was diluted with a half-life of 7h to mimic in vivo conditions, an initial concentration of PRA of 1.6-2.4 mg/L (8-10x MPC), giving a PRA AUC/MPC ratio of 73-92, and a T->MPC of 21-23 h was sufficient to prevent the selection of resistant mutants from the three susceptible wild-type strains. Dosing to reduce selection for antibiotic resistance in veterinary therapy has a role in reducing the reservoir of resistant mutants. We conclude that a level of dosing that prevents the selection of resistant mutants during therapy should be achievable in vivo.
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Olofsson, Madelen, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
-
Evaluation of sampling and sample preparation procedures for the determination of aromatic acids and their distribution in a podzol soil using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Geoderma. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0016-7061 .- 1872-6259. ; 232-234, s. 373-380
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work the distribution of free and weekly adsorbed aromatic acids (phthalic acid and ten phenolicacids; gallic, p-hydroxybenzoic, salicylic, vanillic, protocatechuic, p-coumaric, syringic, sinapic, ferulic and caffeicacid), which could participate in weathering and soil formation processes, were studied for O, E and Bhorizons in a podzol soil in central Sweden. For the analysis a simple and rapid quantitative and qualitative liquidchromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method (using gradient elution) was developed with LODs rangingfrom 5 to 25 nM. Different soil solution sampling techniques (tension-lysimeter and soil centrifugation) and soilextraction with either 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) or 50:50 (v/v) 10 mM phosphate buffer:MeOHwere compared. All eleven acids were found in detectable or trace concentrations. The most abundant aromaticacids were vanillic and phthalic acid with concentrations around 1 μM for O and E horizon respectively.Lysimeter samples resulted in the lowest concentrations followed by centrifugation samples. Ingeneral, buffer:MeOH extraction resulted in the highest concentrations for the O horizon, likely due toMeOH's ability to compete for hydrophobic sites on soil organic matter (SOM). Then again, pure bufferwith its higher ion strength, interfering with the acids electrostatic interactions with clay particles, leads tohigher extracted concentrations for the E and B horizons. Since the efficiency of the extraction solutions, to alarge extent, depends on the sample properties, a general approach is hard to appoint. However, the extractionof substituted cinnamic acids is in general facilitated by adding MeOH to the extraction solution. The use of statisticalmethods for the evaluation of the results showed a large and significant difference in aromatic acid concentrationsreceived using different sampling techniques and sample preparations. In fact, sampling methodsresulted in higher variations in aromatic acid concentrations than sampled horizon.
|
|
