| 1. |
- Alkan Olsson, Ilhami, et al.
(författare)
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Linking International Human Rights Law to Policy in Protecting against Adverse Effects of Climate Change
- 2016
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Ingår i: TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin. - : ScopeMed. - 1303-734X. ; 15:6, s. 556-568
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article aims to illustrate the multifaceted interlink between climate change, heat, and human rights and discuss in what ways international human rights law may be used to support the development and implementation of policy at various levels to limit adverse effects of climate change on humans in general and right to health in particular. This is done by overviewing the possibilities and limits international law offers and displays in the fields of the environment, climate change and heat. Moreover, through emphasising the inter-linkages between international law and domestic law and policy, the article sets out how and by what means international human rights law is and may be incorporated and used in national law and policy-making in the area of climate change. The article concludes that human rights norms and principles could be used to promote a right-based national climate change regime in six different ways.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Dänhardt, Juliana, et al.
(författare)
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Collective Implementation of Ecological Focus Areas : Evaluation of the effects on ecosystem services, agriculture and administration
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ecosystem services are fundamental to the welfare of mankind, yet these services are often invisible in many social decisions. This report evaluates the effects on the ecosystem services pollination and biological pest control if Sweden were to introduce collective implementation of EFAs as part of the single payment scheme, including quality improvement measures such as establishing flowering plants.The potential environmental effects are seen in relation to the impacts on the economies of farmers and their acceptance of collective implementation, as well as the administrative costs for the authorities. This study is a step towards integrating the value of ecosystem services into decisions in society, something that is to be achieved by 2018 under the milestone targets in Sweden's environmental objectives system.The study that formed the basis of this report was carried out by the Centre for Environmental and Climate Research at Lund University. The work was carried out within the government commission Environmental effects of the CAP. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency is the primary authority responsible for this report. The Swedish Board of Agriculture, the Swedish National Heritage Board, the Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management and the County administrative boards also participated in this project.
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| 5. |
- Dänhardt, Juliana, et al.
(författare)
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Ekologiska fokusarealer i samverkan : Utvärdering av effekter på ekosystemtjänster, jordbruk och administration
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I den här studien utvärderar vi konsekvenserna av så kallat gemensamt genomförande av ekologiska fokusarealer enlig artikel 46:5 och 46:6 i EU:s direktstödsförordning. Genom bredare analyser beaktar vi även andra former av samverkan och justerade skötselvillkor. Att främja sammanhängande områden med ekologiskt fokus är en del av EU:s satsning på grön infrastruktur. Sverige tillämpar inte gemensamt genomförande i dagsläget. Ekologisk-ekonomisk modellering, workshop med jordbrukare och intervjuer med tjänstemän ligger till grund för studiens resultat. Fokus i våra analyser är effekter på pollinering och biologisk skadedjursbekämpning, båda ekosystemtjänster till nytta för jordbruket.Jordbrukare positiva till samverkan, tjänstemän befarar högre kostnaderGenerellt är de medverkande jordbrukarna positiva till samverkan. Tydligare och mer konkret koppling mellan godkända fokusarealer, skötselvillkor och miljönytta behövs dock för att skapa acceptans hos jordbrukarna. Tjänstemän med erfarenhet av samverkan är generellt positiva, medan personer utan erfarenhet är mer tveksamma. På svenska myndigheter befaras ökade transaktionskostnader, trots att fungerande exempel på samverkan i Europa finns. Vi rekommenderar att inspiration och kunskap hämtas från dessa lyckade exempel.Små miljöeffekter med dagens fokusarealerAtt med dagens regelverk införa gemensamt genomförande av ekologiska fokusarealer ger små miljöeffekter. Miljöeffekten förblir svag eftersom möjligheten att välja fokusarealer med låg miljöeffekt kvarstår, och eftersom generösa viktningsfaktorer minskar den faktiskt avsatta arealen av fokusarealer med högre miljönytta. Dessutom finns incitament att placera fokusarealerna på lågproduktiv mark, där behovet av fokusarealer som gynnar ekosystemtjänster är lägre. I dag godkänns också fokusarealer som ingår i det normala brukandet, vilket skapar dödvikt. Våra modeller visar att möjligheten till samverkan inte löser dessa problem.Bättre miljöeffekt med rätt fokusarealer och krav på kvalitetFör att uppnå en bättre miljöeffekt behövs en utformning av reglerna som premierar de mest miljöeffektiva fokusarealerna. Först och främst bör menyn av fokusarealer innehålla miljöeffektiva åtgärder. Dessutom bör viktningssystemet omvärderas så att den mest effektiva fokusarealen används som referens. Slutligen bör placeringen av ekologiska fokusarealer göras i ett landskapsperspektiv för att säkerställa fokusarealernas bidrag till grön infrastruktur. På gårdsnivå bör fokusarealerna genom information och rådgivning styras till platser där potentialen för miljönytta är störst, exempelvis intill grödor som gynnas av pollinering och biologisk skadedjursbekämpning. Ett effektivt sätt att gynna just dessa ekosystemtjänster vore att begränsa menyn av valbara fokusarealer till träda och obrukade fältkanter och samtidigt ha krav på att så in blommande växter.
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| 6. |
- Kehoe, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Make EU trade with Brazil sustainable
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 364:6438, s. 341-
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
- Kraufvelin, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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Essential fish habitats (EFH) : conclusions from a workshop on the importance, mapping, monitoring, threats and conservation of coastal EFH in the Baltic Sea
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many fish species in the Baltic Sea are highly dependent on shallow and sheltered coastal habitats that they use for spawning, nursery, feeding and migration. Still, the role of these essential fish habitats (EFH) for the development and support of fish stocks and communities has received relatively little attention, even though there is general consensus among scientists about their critical importance. Little is also known about the major threats to EFH, and their conservation status in different countries has previously not been reviewed. As EFH often are found in the same parts of the coastal zone that are also highly valued by humans, this gap in knowledge needs to be addressed. Hence, there is an urgent need to focus more thoroughly on the importance, mapping, monitoring and protection of EFH and also the driving factors and mechanisms behind the changes we observe in their status. Only this way, we will be able to predict and mitigate future effects of environmental change in these valuable habitats and to create adaptive management plans. The main objectives of this project were to 1) organize a workshop for experts around the Baltic Sea on the importance, protection of and threats to coastal EFH (including an overview of the methods used for the mapping and monitoring of these habitats), and 2) based on the outcome of the workshop, produce a review paper in an international scientific journal about the state of the art of the subject for the Baltic Sea, including knowledge gaps and future research needs. Here, we report the results of the project, focusing on the outcome of the workshop. From the workshop (organised during 2nd-4th June 2015 in öregrund, Sweden) we conclude that there are only few quantitative studies available concerning the importance of EFH for fish stocks. This evidence is in turn quite complex and do not necessarily provide straightforward answers. Nevertheless, for some coastal species, indirect evidence exists and sufficient data are also available to carry out further quantitative analyses. More evidence on the role of EFH for fish production could potentially also be achieved using spatial and temporal data analyses, stage-structured modelling and otolith chemistry techniques. Based on qualitative results/analyses, it can be reasoned that EFH are very important and valuable for the provisioning of rich fish communities and for fish production. This conclusion is reached, despitethe still quite low degree of targeted studies that are focusing explicitly on the role of the habitats and that are providing straight quantitative relationships. Most likely the importance of these habitats has been underestimated in the past and more studies could contribute to pinpoint their ecological importance. For the monitoring and mapping aspects of EFH in Baltic Sea countries, a lot of data seems to be available. Different sampling methods are used for a wide range of both coastal and offshore species and life stages (from eggs, larvae, YOY (young of the year) to adult fish). The use of these data in producing habitat maps has for long been poor, but the situation is now improving rapidly in many countries as a result of national and regional underwater mapping and inventory programs. In this sense, not only habitat mapping and mapping of fish distribution (fish in different life stages) are of importance. Also the mapping of major threats, pressures and environmental background conditions should be performed. This would ensure maximum availability and optimized use of information necessary for efficient management and for the improvement of marine spatial planning. The threats to and conservation status of EFH suggest urgent and diverse management solutions. Eutrophication, climate change, coastal construction and development, invasive species and fishery seem to constitute the major threats to the habitats. Among these threats, the physical pressures, including for example marine shipping/boat traffic and its associated infrastructure (like dredging), physical exploitation of shore areas and trawl fishery, tend to be more easily manageable. These activities disturb fish habitats both directly and indirectly, and are typically more serious to fish reproduction and juvenile stages. The conservation status of EFH is generally poor, mainly due to that fisheries management and nature conservation in the Baltic Sea region historically have been separated. Internationally, however, many marine ecological studies have shown how mutual benefits may be reached through an integrated management of fisheries and habitats. This gives EFH a central role in management, merging the interests of fisheries management and habitat protection, and simultaneously attracting a lot of scientific interest to associated research questions. The results of the current project hence suggest that there are data for quantitative analyses to support the role of EFH for fish production, a potential to initiate, develop and synchronize future monitoring and mapping of the habitats, and that there is an increasing awareness for the protection and increased concern for the sustainability of these shallow coastal systems. The outcome of this project could serve as a basis for improving cooperation between Baltic Sea countries in this field, which in the long run could result in both harmonized monitoring and mapping methods of the EFH in the Baltic Sea and a strengthened management. The work also provides important input for developing indicators to assess the status of EFH and for the implementation of international agreements and legislative acts as the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP), the Habitats Directive (HD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD).
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Nilsson, Lovisa, et al.
(författare)
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A suboptimal array of options erodes the value of CAP ecological focus areas
- 2019
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Ingår i: Land Use Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 85, s. 407-418
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As a part of the greening of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy in 2013, Ecological Focus Areas (EFA) became mandatory for many European farmers, with the aim to enhance on-farm biodiversity. However, their effects on biodiversity have been disputed. In this interdisciplinary effort, we assessed the effects of current and alternative formulations of EFA regulations in Sweden. By complementing economic and ecological modelling with interviews with persons at administrative and advisory bodies and a narrative decision game with farmers, we were able to demonstrate key shortcomings of mandatory EFAs as a policy instrument. In particular, we evaluated if requirements to increase the quality of EFAs and regulations allowing their collective implementation, have the potential to increase their effectiveness in benefitting functional biodiversity. We focused on how biodiversity underpinning crop pollination and natural pest control would be affected by alternative regulations. First, we show that several of the possible EFA measures have no or minimal actual effect on biodiversity. Second, we demonstrate the need for appropriate incentives for farmers to choose and place agri-environmental measures in an environmentally desirable way. The EFA regulation is experienced as complicated and without any clear environmental benefits for the participants in this study. As a result, the confidence in the policy is undermined. Third, we demonstrate the challenge of devising compulsory measures to improve biodiversity that also need to fulfil demands on being flexible and easy to administrate. Our results indicate that the latter goal has taken precedence over the former, and thus providing an explanation of the poor design of the EFA regulation from a biodiversity perspective. We argue that to enhance biodiversity in farmland through general agri-environmental measures, only measures with clear benefits for biodiversity can be on the menu. Further, better information as well as incentives for optimizing EFA placement for biodiversity on farms are needed and combined with stricter rules on quality and placement where appropriate.
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| 10. |
- Sjöstedt, Victoria, et al.
(författare)
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Klimatanpassning av bostäder och bostadsområden : resultat från ett samarbetsprojekt mellan CEC och Riksbyggen
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna rapport är en sammanställning av kunskap som genererats inom ramen för ett samarbetsprojekt mellan Centrum för miljö- och klimatforskning (CEC) vid Lundsuniversitet och Riksbyggen om klimatanpassning av bostäder och bostadsområden iSverige. Samarbetsprojektet byggde på utveckling och handledning av fem styckenmasteruppsatser vid Tillämpad klimatstrategi-programmet vid Lunds universitet,mellan november 2014 och juni 2015. De deltagande studenterna utvecklade sinauppsatser i dialog med Riksbyggen, och ett flertal av studenterna använde Riksbyggensbostadsbestånd som konkreta fallstudier. I denna rapport diskuteras de resultatsom framkommit i masteruppsatserna, med fokus på klimatrelaterad riskkartering,metoder för klimatanpassningsåtgärder, kunskapsunderlag, samt samverkan ochdeltagande. Syntesrapporten levererar inspirationsmaterial för Riksbyggens vidarearbete med klimatanpassning av bostadsrättsföreningar. Förslag på sätt att hantera klimatanpassningsproblematik i bostadssektorn läggs fram, vilka inkluderar utökad klimatrelaterad riskkartering, skräddarsydda åtgärdspaket, intern och externkommunikation av klimatrelaterade risker och anpassningsåtgärder, samt nya samarbetskonstellationer. Samarbetet mellan CEC och Riksbyggen tog tillvara på denpotential som finns i studentarbeten och skapade länkar mellan utbildning, forskningoch näringsliv. I rapporten förs en diskussion kring sätt att vidareutveckla dennasamarbetsmodell för att förnya och verka kvalitetshöjande för grundutbildningen.Rapporten identifierar även relevanta teman för nya masterprojekt, samt konkretaforskningsbehov kring kunskapsöverföring mellan aktörer och nivåer; samarbetemellan boende, fastighetsägare, myndigheter, konsulter och försäkringsbolag kringriskkartering och anpassningsåtgärder; kommunikationsinsatser för ökad acceptans föranpassningsåtgärder; samt juridiska och ekonomiska incitamentsstrukturer. Dessa ärviktiga områden att adressera i framtida forskningsinsatser för att stödja implementeringav utökad klimatrelaterad riskkartering och anpassningsåtgärder i bostadssektorn.
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