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| 2. |
- Parker, P, et al.
(författare)
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Progress in integrated assessment and modelling
- 2002
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Ingår i: Environmental Modelling & Software. - 1364-8152. ; 17:3, s. 209-217
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Environmental processes have been modelled for decades. However. the need for integrated assessment and modeling (IAM) has,town as the extent and severity of environmental problems in the 21st Century worsens. The scale of IAM is not restricted to the global level as in climate change models, but includes local and regional models of environmental problems. This paper discusses various definitions of IAM and identifies five different types of integration that Lire needed for the effective solution of environmental problems. The future is then depicted in the form of two brief scenarios: one optimistic and one pessimistic. The current state of IAM is then briefly reviewed. The issues of complexity and validation in IAM are recognised as more complex than in traditional disciplinary approaches. Communication is identified as a central issue both internally among team members and externally with decision-makers. stakeholders and other scientists. Finally it is concluded that the process of integrated assessment and modelling is considered as important as the product for any particular project. By learning to work together and recognise the contribution of all team members and participants, it is believed that we will have a strong scientific and social basis to address the environmental problems of the 21st Century.
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| 3. |
- Hirschhorn, J.N., et al.
(författare)
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Genomewide linkage analysis of stature in multiple populations reveals several regions with evidence of linkage to adult height
- 2001
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Ingår i: American Journal of Human Genetics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9297. ; 69:1, s. 106-116
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Genomewide linkage analysis has been extremely successful at identification of the genetic variation underlying single-gene disorders. However, linkage analysis has been less successful for common human diseases and other complex traits in which multiple genetic and environmental factors interact to influence disease risk. We hypothesized that a highly heritable complex trait, in which the contribution of environmental factors was relatively limited, might be more amenable to linkage analysis. We therefore chose to study stature (adult height), for which heritability is 75%-90% (Phillips and Matheny 1990; Carmichael and McGue 1995; Preece 1996; Silventoinen et al. 2000). We reanalyzed genomewide scans from four populations for which genotype and height data were available, using a variance-components method implemented in GENEHUNTER 2.0 (Pratt et al. 2000). The populations consisted of 408 individuals in 58 families from the Botnia region of Finland, 753 individuals in 183 families from other parts of Finland, 746 individuals in 179 families from Southern Sweden, and 420 individuals in 63 families from the Saguenay-Lac-St.-Jean region of Quebec. Four regions showed evidence of linkage to stature: 6q24-25, multipoint LOD score 3.85 at marker D6S1007 in Botnia (genomewide P<.06), 7q31.3-36 (LOD 3.40 at marker D7S2195 in Sweden, P<.02), 12p11.2-q14 (LOD 3.35 at markers D12S10990-D12S398 in Finland,P<.05) and 13q32-33 (LOD 3.56 at markers D13S779-D13S797 in Finland, P<.05). In a companion article (Perola et al. 2001 [in this issue]), strong supporting evidence is obtained for linkage to the region on chromosome 7. These studies suggest that highly heritable complex traits such as stature may be genetically tractable and provide insight into the genetic architecture of complex traits.
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| 4. |
- Scherer, SW, et al.
(författare)
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Human chromosome 7: DNA sequence and biology
- 2003
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Ingår i: Science (New York, N.Y.). - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 1095-9203 .- 0036-8075. ; 300:5620, s. 767-772
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- DNA sequence and annotation of the entire human chromosome 7, encompassing nearly 158 million nucleotides of DNA and 1917 gene structures, are presented. To generate a higher order description, additional structural features such as imprinted genes, fragile sites, and segmental duplications were integrated at the level of the DNA sequence with medical genetic data, including 440 chromosome rearrangement breakpoints associated with disease. This approach enabled the discovery of candidate genes for developmental diseases including autism.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Jönsson, Stina, 1975-
(författare)
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Towards flexible organic electronics : photoelectron spectroscopy of surfaces and interfaces
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Intensive studies of conjugated molecules and polymers are carried out all over the world with the intent of obtaining cheap and efficient organic electronic devices. The most mature application at the moment is the light-emitting diode, but also photovoltaic cells and different types of transistors shows promising results. Interest in these materials is based on possibilities of 'simple' and cheap processing techniques, comparing to inorganic compounds, in the manufacturing of devices. The understanding of the electronic and chemical structure of the surfaces and interfaces of these materials is a basic requirement for understanding the characteristics of the potential devices. Understanding the electronic structure of the pristine materials enables conclusions to be drawn concerning electrical and optical properties in these materials. The behaviour of the interface between metals and conjugated materials is one of the primary factors determining the suitability of using certain electrode/organic material combinations in device applications.With this motivation, the electronic structure of both conjugated molecules and polymers surfaces and their interfaces to metals (and insulators) have been studied with mainly photoelectron spectroscopy (PES). In some cases complementary techniques have been needed and performed. This includes the four-point probe technique for determining surface resistance and atomic force morphology for determining surface morphology. As well as synchrotron-based techniques, such as near-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and resonant photoemission have been used. The main results compromised in this thesis are summarized below.Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrenesulfonic acid (PEDOT-PSS) is an aqueous colloidal dispersion consisting of doped conjugated polymer PEDOT with counter ions provided by the PSS chains. PEDOT-PSS films have previously proven to have a grain-like structure in which the grains have a ~30 Å thick insulating PSS outermost layer. The conductivity of thin PEDOT-PSS films has been improved through adding some high-boiling-point solvents to the PEDOT-PSS blend. The major reason for this increase is a rearrangement of the morphology, in terms of an increase in the PEDOT-to-PSS ratio in the surface region (i.e. the insulating PPS layer is decreased for each grain).The initial stages of interface of PEDOT-PSS with aluminum for contacting purposes has also been examined. Due to the many components in the PEDOT-PSS film its reactions with alurninum was difficult to deduce. Therefore the aluminum interfaces with model molecules of each of the components of PEDOT-PSS were investigated to discern this. Phenyl-capped EDOT-trimer was used as a model oligomer for neutral PEDOT. It has been shown that aluminum preferentially interacts and forms covalent bonds with C-S carbons that causes a rearrangement of the charge density within the oligomer and breaks then-conjugation. In PEDOT-PSS blends the PEDOT part is left intact and alurninurn preferentially reacts with the SO3-H+ and/or SO3- species of the PSS part.A specific blend of conjugated materials used in photovoltaic cells is a one to four mixture of APFO-3 (a low band gap copolymer based on alternating fluorene and donor-acceptor-donor units) to PCBM (soluble C60 derivative). The electrode systems studied are the widely used Al and Al/LiF contacts. We demonstrate a thickness dependent effect of the LiF layer in the Al/LiF/organic structure. LiF has a protective effect for all thickness preventing formation at the Al/organic interface of Al-organic complexes that destroy the Π-conjugation. In addition to this, there are two other beneficial effects (depending on LiF thickness). Decomposition of LiF occurs for thin enough layers in which the LiF species are in contact with both the organic film and the A1 atoms. This results in Li-doping of the organic films and creates a low workfunction contact. For thicker (multi)layers, the dipole formed at the LiP/organic interface is retained as no decomposition of the LiF occurs upon Al deposition.We have shown the occurrence of interfacial dipoles at C60/LiF/Al interfaces and confirmed interfacial dipoles at Alq3/Al, C60/Al and Alq3/LiF/Al interfaces through vacuum level shifts. There is strong interaction with the substrates in all cases. There is evidence of covalent interaction between both Alq3 and C60 films with the AI substrates. The added LiF layer (between AI substrate and the organic film) prevents the covalent bonds from forming and the LiF does not dissociate in any case, unlike what is found in literature for the reverse order of deposition. For both Alq3 and C60 there is charge transfer from the Al substrate to the organic film through the LiF layer. However, if the thickness of the LiF layer exceeds 25 Å this charge transfer is blocked. The evolution of the electronic structure upon n-doping of the first Alq3 monolayer observed here is different from previous studies of n-doping mer-Alq3, indicating that there is preferential deposition and/or formation of the unusual facial isomer of Alq3 on the LiF/Al substrate. Our results are the first reported photoemission spectra of this isomer and its n-doped state.The electronic structure of two new low band gap polymers (APFO-3 and APFO-7) based on donor-acceptor-donor groups copolymerized with fluorine units has been characterized. The valence band of APFO-3 seems to be highly dispersed and derived from orbitals delocalized over the whole polymer chain, where as the conduction band is nearly flat as it is derived from orbitals localized on the acceptor units. The existence of a dispersed valence band would predict good hole transporting properties, where as a flat conduction band would be expected to produce poor electron transporting properties. The electronic structure of APFO-7 has similarities to APFO-7 but it is also less clear. The larger size of the acceptor unit seem to distort both the valence band and conduction band shape as compared to APFO-3, however, so further work is needed to understand the more complex APFO-7 system.
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| 7. |
- Kunkel, E J, et al.
(författare)
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Lymphocyte CC chemokine receptor 9 and epithelial thymus-expressed chemokine (TECK) expression distinguish the small intestinal immune compartment: Epithelial expression of tissue-specific chemokines as an organizing principle in regional immunity
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Medicine. - 1540-9538. ; 192:5, s. 761-768
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The immune system has evolved specialized cellular and molecular mechanisms for targeting and regulating immune responses at epithelial surfaces. Here we show that small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes and lamina propria lymphocytes migrate to thymus-expressed chemokine (TECK). This attraction is mediated by CC chemokine receptor (CCR)9, a chemoattractant receptor expressed at high levels by essentially all CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes in the small intestine. Only a small subset of lymphocytes in the colon are CCR9(+), and lymphocytes from other tissues including tonsils, lung, inflamed liver, normal or inflamed skin, inflamed synovium and synovial fluid, breast milk, and seminal fluid are universally CCR9(-). TECK expression is also restricted to the small intestine: immunohistochemistry reveals that intense anti-TECK reactivity characterizes crypt epithelium in the jejunum and ileum, but not in other epithelia of the digestive tract (including stomach and colon), skin, lung, or salivary gland. These results imply a restricted role for lymphocyte CCR9 and its ligand TECK in the small intestine, and provide the first evidence for distinctive mechanisms of lymphocyte recruitment that may permit functional specialization of immune responses in different segments of the gastrointestinal tract. Selective expression of chemokines by differentiated epithelium may represent an important mechanism for targeting and specialization of immune responses.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Parker, Alex, et al.
(författare)
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A gene conferring susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in conjunction with obesity is located on chromosome 18p11
- 2001
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Ingår i: Diabetes. - : American Diabetes Association. - 1939-327X .- 0012-1797. ; 50:3, s. 675-680
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Genome-wide nonparametric linkage analysis of 480 sib-pairs affected with type 2 diabetes revealed linkage to a previously unreported susceptibility locus on chromosome 18p11. This result improved with stringent subphenotyping using age- and sex-adjusted BMI, ultimately reaching a logarithm of odds of 3.82 (allele sharing 0.6654) at a point between markers D18S976 and D18S391 when the most obese 20% of the sample was analyzed. Several genes on chromosome 18 have been suggested as metabolic disease candidates, but none of these colocalize with our linkage result. We conclude that our results provide support for the presence of a currently uncharacterized gene on chromosome 18p, certain alleles of which confer increased susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in conjunction with obesity. We additionally observed moderate evidence for linkage to chromosome 1, near marker D1S3462; chromosome 4, near marker D4S2361; chromosome 5, near marker D5S1505; and chromosome 17, near marker D17S1301.
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