| 1. |
- Eriksson, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Tumor-Specific Bacteriophages Induce Tumor Destruction through Activation of Tumor-Associated Macrophages
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Immunology. - : The American Association of Immunologists. - 0022-1767 .- 1550-6606. ; 182:5, s. 3105-3111
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We recently reported that administration of tumor-specific bacteriophages initiates infiltration of neutrophilic granulocytes with subsequent regression of established B16 tumors. The aim of the current study was to investigate the mechanism of action of bacteriophage-induced tumor regression and to examine possible stimulatory effects of bacteriophages on macrophages. We observed that the mechanism of phage-induced tumor regression is TLR dependent as no signs of tumor destruction or neutrophil infiltration were observed in tumors in MyD88(-/-) mice in which TLR signaling is abolished. The microenvironment of bacteriophage-treated tumors was further analyzed by gene profiling through applying a low-density array preferentially designed to detect genes expressed by activated APCs, which demonstrated that the M2-polarized tumor microenvironment switched to a more M1-polarized milieu following phage treatment. Bacteriophage stimulation induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in both normal mouse macrophages and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and increased expression of molecules involved in Ag presentation and costimulation. Furthermore, mouse neutrophils selectively migrated toward mediators secreted by bacteriophage-stimulated TAMs. Under these conditions, the neutrophils also exhibited increased cytotoxicity toward 1316 mouse melanoma target cells. These results describe a close interplay of the innate immune system in which bacteriophages, located to the tumor microenvironment due to their specificity, stimulate TAMs to secrete factors that promote recruitment of neutrophils and potentiate neutrophil-mediated tumor destruction.
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| 2. |
- Gren, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Energianvändning i bebyggelse - boendes och aktörers val av teknik : Antologi från forskarskolan program energisystem
- 2007
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Energianvändning är grunden för välstånd och samhällsutveckling. Men vårt sätt att använda energi orsakar miljöpåverkan som i värsta fall kan rasera grunden inte bara för välstånd och samhällsutveckling utan också ytterst för existensen av allt liv på jorden. Vilka är möjligheterna att förändra energianvändningen så att den blir miljömässigt, socialt och ekonomiskt uthållig? Detta är en process som i mycket måste utgå från vad människor gör i sin vardag, i yrkeslivet och som konsumenter och användare av energi i olika aktiviteter. Antologin behandlar energianvändning i bebyggelse utifrån de valmöjligheter som olika aktörer – professionella och hushåll – har när det gäller att bygga och bo i energisnåla hus, att installera och bruka teknik som är energieffektiv och som utnyttjar förnybar energi, till exempel solenergi.Boken vänder sig till alla som har professionellt intresse för frågor om energianvändning i bebyggelse som till exempel aktörer som planerar, bygger och förvaltar byggnader. Den vänder sig också till hushållen, som bor i husen och använder energi. Boken vill vidare visa hur teknisk och samhällsvetenskaplig forskning kan kombineras för att nå ny kunskap om processer i så komplexa sociotekniska system som moderna energisystem.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Persson, Kajsa P., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of Human Liver Slices and Reporter Gene Assays as Systems for Predicting the Cytochrome P450 Induction Potential of Drugs in Vivo in Humans
- 2006
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Ingår i: Pharmaceutical research. - New York : Springer. - 0724-8741 .- 1573-904X. ; 23:1, s. 56-69
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeThe aim of the study was to investigate the feasibility of predicting human in vivo cytochrome P450 (CYP) induction properties of drugs using in vitro methods.MethodsThe CYP induction potential of compounds was tested in human liver slices and in reporter gene assays for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the pregnane X receptor (PXR).ResultsIn human liver slices, CYP activities decreased dramatically over the experimental period, whereas mRNA levels could reliably be used to investigate CYP1A, 2C9, and 3A4 induction. However, the interindividual variations and demanding experimentation limit the use of liver slices in screening programs. Reporter gene assays are robust and reliable assays, amenable to high throughput screening. Several compounds activated AhR. The relevance of this activation, however, needs to be further investigated since there are no clear reports on drugs inducing CYP1A in vivo. The results from the PXR assay could be used to correctly classify compounds with known CYP3A induction properties when relating in vivo AUCtot to PXR EC50 values.ConclusionsLiver slices are a valuable model to study the regulation of a larger number of enzymes by single compounds. The PXR reporter gene assay could be used as a reliable screening method to predict CYP3A induction in vivo. © 2006 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.
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| 5. |
- Åsling Monemi, Kajsa, 1960-
(författare)
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The Impact of Violence Against Women on Child Growth, Morbidity and Survival : Studies in Bangladesh and Nicaragua
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this thesis was to explore the impact of physical, sexual and emotional violence against women of reproductive age and the level of controlling behaviour in marriage on child health and survival in two different cultural settings: Bangladesh and Nicaragua. Data were acquired from four quantitative community-based studies. In two studies, a cohort including a prospective two year follow-up of 3164 mother-infant pairs in rural Bangladesh was investigated. A third study was a case-referent study in Nicaragua including mothers of 110 cases of under-five deaths and 203 referents, and in a forth study an other cohort of 1048 rural Bangladeshi women and their 2691 children was followed until 5 years of age. Maternal exposure to any form of violence, including physical, sexual, emotional, and controlling behaviour was independently associated with lower body size at birth, increased risk of stunting and under-weight at 24 months of age, slower growth velocity during the first two years of life and a higher incidence of diarrhoeal episodes and respiratory tract infections. In the Nicaraguan setting, the children of women who experienced any history of physical violence had a two-fold increase in risk of death before the age of 5 years, and those whose mothers experienced both physical and sexual violence had a six-fold increase in risk of death. In Bangladesh, an association between violence against women and under-five mortality was found among daughters of educated mothers who were exposed to severe physical violence or a high level of controlling behaviour in marriage. In all four studies, lifetime violence experience among participating mothers was high (37-69%), and the timing was less relevant than the exposure to violence per se. In conclusion, this investigation revealed that violence against women severely affects child health and survival. The findings are especially relevant in a context of high level of child under-nutrition, morbidity and under-five mortality. Efforts for protecting women from all forms of violence are needed as part of the interventions for improved child health.
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| 6. |
- Åsling-Monemi, Kajsa, et al.
(författare)
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Violence against women and increases in the risk of diarrheal disease and respiratory tract infections in infancy : a prospective cohort study in Bangladesh
- 2009
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Ingår i: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. - : American Medical Association (AMA). - 1072-4710 .- 1538-3628. ; 163:10, s. 931-936
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To explore whether different forms of violence against women were associated with increased incidence rates of diarrhea and respiratory tract infections among infants. DESIGN: A 12-month follow-up study embedded in a food and micronutrient supplementation trial. SETTING: Rural Bangladesh. PARTICIPANTS: Pregnant women and their 3132 live-born children. MAIN EXPOSURE: Maternal exposure to physical, sexual, and emotional violence and level of controlling behavior in the family. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Infants' risk of falling ill with diarrheal diseases and respiratory tract infections in relation to mothers' exposure to different forms of violence. Adjusted for household economic conditions, mother's education level, parity, and religion. RESULTS: Fifty percent of the women reported lifetime experience of family violence. Infants of mothers exposed to different forms of family violence had 26% to 37% higher incidence of diarrhea. Any lifetime family violence was positively associated with increased incidence of diarrheal diseases (adjusted rate ratio, 1.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.30) and lower respiratory tract infections (adjusted rate ratio, 1.31; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-1.46). Further, all forms of family violence were also independently positively associated with infant illness, and the highest incidence rates were found among the daughters of severely physically abused mothers. CONCLUSION: Family violence against women was positively associated with an increased risk of falling ill with diarrheal and respiratory tract infections during infancy. The present findings add to increasing evidence of the magnitude of public health consequences of violence against women.
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| 7. |
- Åsling-Monemi, Kajsa, et al.
(författare)
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Violence against women and the risk of fetal and early childhood growth impairment : a cohort study in rural Bangladesh
- 2009
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Ingår i: Archives of Disease in Childhood. - : BMJ. - 0003-9888 .- 1468-2044. ; 94:10, s. 775-779
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To assess whether different forms of family violence against women were associated with impaired size at birth and early childhood growth. METHODS: A substudy embedded into a community-based food and micronutrient supplementation trial (MINIMat) of pregnant women in rural Bangladesh included a 2-year follow-up of the 3164 live-born children of participating women. Anthropometric data were collected from birth up to 24 months of age, and converted to WHO growth standard SD scores. Size at birth and early childhood growth were assessed in relation to women's exposure to physical, sexual and emotional violence and the level of controlling behaviour in the family. RESULTS: Fifty per cent of all women reported a lifetime experience of some form of family violence. The mean birth weight was 2701 g, 30% were low birth weight (<2500 g), mean birth length was 47.8 cm (17.5%, <0.05, adjusted for potential confounders). CONCLUSIONS: Violence against women was associated with an increased risk of fetal and early childhood growth impairment, adding to the multitude of confirmed and plausible health consequences caused by this problem.
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| 8. |
- Åsling Monemi, Kajsa, et al.
(författare)
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Violence against women and the risk of under-five mortality : analysis of community-based data from rural Bangladesh
- 2008
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 97:2, s. 226-232
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM: To assess whether violence against women was associated with increased mortality risks for their daughters and sons before the age of 5. METHODS: Secondary analysis of longitudinal data from rural Bangladesh of 2691 live-born children in relation to their mother's experience of physical, sexual and emotional partner violence and level of controlling behaviour in marriage. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders and stratified by gender. RESULT: Under five-mortality was 88 per 1000 in this cohort. Overall, there was no association between different forms of violence against women and under-five mortality. However, more educated women had an increased risk of under-five deaths of their female offspring if ever exposed to severe physical violence (adjusted hazard ratio 2.2, 95% CI 1.06-4.50) or to a high level of controlling behaviour in marriage (adjusted hazard ratio 2.5, 95% CI 1.30-4.90). Controlling behaviour in marriage increased the hazard ratios in a dose-response manner. Increased mortality risks were neither shown for offspring of women with low or no education nor for boys in any educational group. CONCLUSION: Severe physical violence and controlling behaviour in marriage were associated with higher under-five mortality among daughters of educated mothers in rural Bangladesh, indicating gender-biased consequences of partner violence for child mortality.
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