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- Beral, V, et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer - collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58515 women with breast cancer and 95067 women without the disease
- 2002
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Ingår i: British Journal of Cancer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1532-1827 .- 0007-0920. ; 87, s. 1234-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alcohol and tobacco consumption are closely correlated and published results on their association with breast cancer have not always allowed adequately for confounding between these exposures. Over 80% of the relevant information worldwide on alcohol and tobacco consumption and breast cancer were collated, checked and analysed centrally. Analyses included 58515 women with invasive breast cancer and 95067 controls from 53 studies. Relative risks of breast cancer were estimated, after stratifying by study, age, parity and, where appropriate, women's age when their first child was born and consumption of alcohol and tobacco. The average consumption of alcohol reported by controls from developed countries was 6.0 g per day, i.e. about half a unit/drink of alcohol per day, and was greater in ever-smokers than never-smokers, (8.4 g per day and 5.0 g per day, respectively). Compared with women who reported drinking no alcohol, the relative risk of breast cancer was 1.32 (1.19 - 1.45, P < 0.00001) for an intake of 35 - 44 g per day alcohol, and 1.46 (1.33 - 1.61, P < 0.00001) for greater than or equal to 45 g per day alcohol. The relative risk of breast cancer increased by 7.1% (95% CI 5.5-8.7%; P<0.00001) for each additional 10 g per day intake of alcohol, i.e. for each extra unit or drink of alcohol consumed on a daily basis. This increase was the same in ever-smokers and never-smokers (7.1 % per 10 g per day, P < 0.00001, in each group). By contrast, the relationship between smoking and breast cancer was substantially confounded by the effect of alcohol. When analyses were restricted to 22 255 women with breast cancer and 40 832 controls who reported drinking no alcohol, smoking was not associated with breast cancer (compared to never-smokers, relative risk for ever-smokers= 1.03, 95% CI 0.98 - 1.07, and for current smokers=0.99, 0.92 - 1.05). The results for alcohol and for tobacco did not vary substantially across studies, study designs, or according to 15 personal characteristics of the women; nor were the findings materially confounded by any of these factors. If the observed relationship for alcohol is causal, these results suggest that about 4% of the breast cancers in developed countries are attributable to alcohol. In developing countries, where alcohol consumption among controls averaged only 0.4 g per day, alcohol would have a negligible effect on the incidence of breast cancer. In conclusion, smoking has little or no independent effect on the risk of developing breast cancer; the effect of alcohol on breast cancer needs to be interpreted in the context of its beneficial effects, in moderation, on cardiovascular disease and its harmful effects on cirrhosis and cancers of the mouth, larynx, oesophagus and liver. (C) 2002 Cancer Research UK.
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- Persson, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Time Consistency of Fiscal and Monetary Policy : A Solution
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper demonstrates how time consistency of the Ramsey policy – the optimal fiscal and monetary policy under commitment – can be achieved. Each government should leave its successor with a unique maturity structure for the nominal and indexed debt, such that the marginal benefit of a surprise inflation exactly balances the marginal cost. Unlike in earlier papers on the topic, the result holds for quite a general Ramsey policy, including timevarying policies with positive inflation and positive nominal interest rates. We compare our resuklts with those in Persson, Persson, and Svensson (1987), Calvo and Obstfeld (1990), and Alvarez, Kehoe, and Neumeyer (2004).
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| 7. |
- Wilhelmsson, O., et al.
(författare)
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Deposition and characterization of ternary thin films within the Ti-Al-C system by DC magnetron sputtering
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Crystal Growth. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-0248 .- 1873-5002. ; 291:1, s. 290-300
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The formation of ternary compounds within the Ti-Al-C system was studied by magnetron sputtering for thin-film deposition and first-principles calculations for phase stability. As-deposited films were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The hardness and Young's moduli of the material were studied by nanoindentation. Epitaxial and phase-pure films of Mn+1AXn phases Ti3AlC2 and Ti2AlC as well as the perovskite phase Ti3AlC were deposited on Al2O3(00l) wafers kept at temperatures between 800 and 900 °C. The only ternary phases observed at low temperatures (300 °C) were Ti3AlC and cubic (Ti,Al)C, the latter can be described as a metastable solid solution of Al in TiC similar to the more studied (Ti,Al)N system. The difficulties to form MAX phases at low substrate temperatures were attributed of requirement for a sufficient diffusivity to partition the elements corresponding to the relatively complex crystal structures with long c-axes. While MAX-phase synthesis at 800 °C is significantly lower than contemporary bulk sintering processes, a reduction of the substrate temperature towards 300 °C in the present thin-film deposition experiments resulted in stacking sequence variations and the intergrowth of (Ti,Al)C. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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- Abrahamsson, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Meta-substituted Ru(II) rigid rods for sensitization of TiO(2)
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, A: Chemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2666 .- 1010-6030. ; 206:2-3, s. 155-163
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract in Undetermined Ruthenium polypyridyl rigid-rod compounds with phenylene-ethynelene (OPE) spacers and an isophthalic acid (Ipa) binding group were synthesized and characterized for sensitization of nanocrystalline TiO(2) (anatase) thin films. Density functional theory predicted that the most stable structure oriented the isophthalic group about 45 degrees from normal to the TiO(2) surface. Comparative experimental studies of meta- and para-isomers revealed small changes in the ground state absorption spectra and very similar excited state and redox properties. The excited state injection yields (inj = 0.15 +/- 0.03)into nanocrystalline TiO(2) and the subsequent charge recombination rates were found to be insensitive to the isomer utilized. Meta-substitution enabled the synthesis of sensitizers with two Ru(II) sensitizers that displayed enhanced sunlight absorption relative to the monomeric compound.
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| 10. |
- Ahuja, Rajeev, et al.
(författare)
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Optical properties of 4H-SiC
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 91:4, s. 2099-2103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The optical band gap energy and the dielectric functions of n-type 4H-SiC have been investigated experimentally by transmission spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry and theoretically by an ab initio full-potential linear muffin-tin-orbital method. We present the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric functions, resolved into the transverse and longitudinal photon moment a, and we show that the anisotropy is small in 4H-SiC. The measurements and the calculations fall closely together in a wide range of energies.
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