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- De Temmerman, G., et al.
(författare)
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Interactions of diamond surfaces with fusion relevant plasmas
- 2009
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Ingår i: Physica scripta. T. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 0281-1847 .- 0031-8949 .- 1402-4896. ; T138, s. 014013-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The outstanding thermal properties of diamond and its low reactivity towards hydrogen may make it an attractive plasma-facing material for fusion and calls for a proper evaluation of its behaviour under exposure to fusion-relevant plasma conditions. Micro and nanocrystalline diamond layers, deposited on Mo and Si substrates by hot filament chemical vapour deposition (CVD), have been exposed both in tokamaks and in linear plasma devices to measure the erosion rate of diamond and study the modification of the surface properties induced by particle bombardment. Experiments in Pilot-PSI and PISCES-B have shown that the sputtering yield of diamond (both physical and chemical) was a factor of 2 lower than that of graphite. Exposure to detached plasma conditions in the DIII-D tokamak have evidenced a strong resistance of diamond against erosion under those conditions.
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- Lundberg, Jon O., et al.
(författare)
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Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics
- 2009
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Ingår i: Nature Chemical Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1552-4450 .- 1552-4469. ; 5:12, s. 865-869
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Inorganic nitrate and nitrite from endogenous or dietary sources are metabolized in vivo to nitric oxide (NO) and other bioactive nitrogen oxides. The nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway is emerging as an important mediator of blood flow regulation, cell signaling, energetics and tissue responses to hypoxia. The latest advances in our understanding of the biochemistry, physiology and therapeutics of nitrate, nitrite and NO were discussed during a recent 2-day meeting at the Nobel Forum, Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm.
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- Nilsson, S., et al.
(författare)
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Bone-targeted radium-223 in symptomatic, hormone-refractory prostate cancer: a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase II study
- 2007
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Ingår i: Lancet Oncol. - 1470-2045 .- 1474-5488. ; 8:7, s. 587-594
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The alpha-emitter radium-223 ((223)Ra) is a bone-seeking radionuclide studied as a new treatment for patients with bone metastases from hormone-refractory prostate cancer. We aimed to study mature outcomes from a randomised, multicentre, phase II study of (223)Ra. METHODS: Patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer and bone pain needing external-beam radiotherapy were assigned to four intravenous injections of (223)Ra (50 kBq/kg, 33 patients) or placebo (31 patients), given every 4 weeks. Primary endpoints were change in bone-alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentration and time to skeletal-related events (SREs). Secondary endpoints included toxic effects, time to prostate-specific-antigen (PSA) progression, and overall survival. All tests were done at a 5% significance level, based on intention to treat. FINDINGS: Median relative change in bone-ALP during treatment was -65.6% (95% CI -69.5 to -57.7) and 9.3% (3.8-60.9) in the (223)Ra group and placebo groups, respectively (p<0.0001, Wilcoxon ranked-sums test). Hazard ratio for time to first SRE, adjusted for baseline covariates, was 1.75 (0.96-3.19, p=0.065, Cox regression). Haematological toxic effects did not differ significantly between two groups. No patient discontinued (223)Ra because of treatment toxicity. Median time to PSA progression was 26 weeks (16-39) versus 8 weeks (4-12; p=0.048) for (223)Ra versus placebo, respectively. Median overall survival was 65.3 weeks (48.7-infinity) for (223)Ra and 46.4 weeks (32.1-77.4) for placebo (p=0.066, log rank). The hazard ratio for overall survival, adjusted for baseline covariates was 2.12 (1.13-3.98, p=0.020, Cox regression). INTERPRETATION: (223)Ra was well tolerated with minimum myelotoxicity, and had a significant effect on bone-ALP concentrations. Larger clinical trials are warranted to study (223)Ra on the prevention of SREs and on overall survival in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Bone-targeting properties of (223)Ra could also potentially be used for treating skeletal metastasis from other primary cancers.
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- Uher, J., et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of 3D thermal neutron semiconductor detectors
- 2007
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Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-9002 .- 1872-9576. ; 576:1, s. 32-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neutron semiconductor detectors for neutron counting and neutron radiography have an increasing importance. Simple silicon neutron detectors are combination of a planar diode with a layer of an appropriate neutron converter such as (LiF)-Li-6. These devices have limited detection efficiency of not more than 5%. The detection efficiency can be increased by creating a 3D microstructure of dips, trenches or pores in the detector and filling it with a neutron converter. The first results related to the development of such devices are presented. Silicon detectors were fabricated with pyramidal dips on the surface covered with (LiF)-Li-6 and then irradiated by thermal neutrons. Pulse height spectra of the energy deposited in the sensitive volume were compared with simulations. The detection efficiency of these devices was about 6.3%. Samples with different column sizes were fabricated to study the electrical properties of 3D structures. Charge collection efficiencies in silicon columns from 10 to 800 mu m wide and 80-200 mu m high were measured with alpha particles.The neutron detection efficiency of a full 3D structure was simulated. The results indicate an increase in detection efficiency by a factor of 6 in comparison with a standard planar neutron detector.
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