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- Aamodt, K., et al.
(författare)
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The ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Instrumentation. - 1748-0221. ; 3:S08002
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is a general-purpose, heavy-ion detector at the CERN LHC which focuses on QCD, the strong-interaction sector of the Standard Model. It is designed to address the physics of strongly interacting matter and the quark-gluon plasma at extreme values of energy density and temperature in nucleus-nucleus collisions. Besides running with Pb ions, the physics programme includes collisions with lighter ions, lower energy running and dedicated proton-nucleus runs. ALICE will also take data with proton beams at the top LHC energy to collect reference data for the heavy-ion programme and to address several QCD topics for which ALICE is complementary to the other LHC detectors. The ALICE detector has been built by a collaboration including currently over 1000 physicists and engineers from 105 Institutes in 30 countries, Its overall dimensions are 16 x 16 x 26 m(3) with a total weight of approximately 10 000 t. The experiment consists of 18 different detector systems each with its own specific technology choice and design constraints, driven both by the physics requirements and the experimental conditions expected at LHC. The most stringent design constraint is to cope with the extreme particle multiplicity anticipated in central Pb-Pb collisions. The different subsystems were optimized to provide high-momentum resolution as well as excellent Particle Identification (PID) over a broad range in momentum, up to the highest multiplicities predicted for LHC. This will allow for comprehensive studies of hadrons, electrons, muons, and photons produced in the collision of heavy nuclei. Most detector systems are scheduled to be installed and ready for data taking by mid-2008 when the LHC is scheduled to start operation, with the exception of parts of the Photon Spectrometer (PHOS), Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) and Electro Magnetic Calorimeter (EMCal). These detectors will be completed for the high-luminosity ion run expected in 2010. This paper describes in detail the detector components as installed for the first data taking in the summer of 2008.
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| 2. |
- Hultman, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Interface structure in superhard TiN-SiN nanolaminates and nanocomposites : film growth experiments and ab initio calculations
- 2007
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Ingår i: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 75
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nanostructured materials-the subject of much of contemporary materials research-are defined by internal interfaces, the nature of which is largely unknown. Yet, the interfaces determine the properties of nanocomposites and nanolaminates. An example is nanocomposites with extreme hardness70-90 GPa, which is of the order of, or higher than, diamond. The Ti-Si-N system, in particular, is attracting attention for the synthesis of such superhard materials. In this case, the nanocomposite structure consists of TiN nanocrystallites encapsulated in a fully percolated SiNx "tissue phase" (1 to 2 monolayers thick) that is assumed to be amorphous. Here, we show that the interfacial tissue phase can be crystalline, and even epitaxial with complex surface reconstructions. Using in situ structural analyses combined with ab initio calculations, we find that SiNx layers grow epitaxially, giving rise to strong interfacial bonding, on both TiN(001) and TiN(111) surfaces. In addition, TiN overlayers grow epitaxially on SiNx/TiN(001) bilayers in nanolaminate structures. These results provide insight into the development of design rules for new nanostructured materials.
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| 3. |
- Joelsson, Torbjörn, 1972-
(författare)
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Nanostructural design of transition metal nitride thin films
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Early transition metal nitrides have found extensive use in a range of thin film applications. We are just beginning to understand their growth from vapor phase deposition and microstructure-property relationships. There are large fields to explore, not the least for the nanoand microstructural design in materials offered by a developed deposition process control and alloying by additional elements to grow, e.g., ternary nitrides or superlattices. The work in this thesis has been directed towards increasing the fondarnental understanding of the synthesis, characterization, and properties for some technologically relevant nitrides. Binary and ternary phases of transition metal nitrides, as well as artificial superlattice structures have been studied. In order to prepare materials of high purity, film deposition was performed by Ultra-High Vacuum Reactive Magnetron Sputtering.In this thesis single-crystal Ti2A1N(0001) thin films were synthesized by epitaxial growth onto MgO(111) substrates at elevated temperature and using a 2Ti:A1 compound sputtering target. This is the first thin film deposition process reported for a nitride of the so called Ma+1AXn phase family of compounds - an inherently nanolaminated material that is characterized by metallic conductivity and ductility with retained ceramic strength, high-temperature stability, oxidation, and corrosion resistance. Th2A1N is found to have a room-temperature resistivity of 39 μΩcm, Young's modulus of 16-17 GPa, and hardness of 210 GPa. It is also found that nitrogen-depleted deposition conditions yield the growth of equilibriwn phases TiA1, Ti3A1 and Ti3A1N. For overstoichiometric deposition conditions with respect to Ti2A1N, a phase mixture with TiN was obtained. A super-structure in the TiN phase was also observed to form along the [111] direction at a repetition distance of 7.34 Å, possibly related to A1 segregation.CrN/ScN superlattices were designed for use as soft x-ray mirrors and investigated with respect to thermal stability, hardness, and x-ray reflectivity properties. The combined performance of as-deposited superlattices films, with a compositional modulation period of 1.64 nm, both as a mirror and for thermal and mechanical stability was found to be far better than state of the art metallic Cr/Sc multilayers. In fact, the obtained reflectance of 6.95% at a wavelength of 3.1 nm is excellent, the structure is intact after annealing above 800 °C, and the hardness of 19 GPa makes the mirror effectively scratch-proof.Stress measurements in the TiN/TaN system were performed in-situ. The obtained results showed that a technique based on curvature measurements by laser deflection on the sample during thin film deposition works when employed at the elevated temperatures typically used for sputtering of nitrides. Findings from the in-situ measurements show a correlation between the stress and the film microstructure and the phase composition of TaN layers. It is also shown how the individual layers in an TiN/TaN artificial superlattice affects the stress with a sub-nm resolution. The contribution from thermal stress is also detected and the fine increase in temperature due to exposure of energetic particles from the plasma can be calculated from that stress.A multiphase region in nitrides was demonstrated to form in the NbxZr1-xN model system. The existence of such a multiphase or polytypic structure is predicted by first-principles density functional theory calculations that to occur in nitrides of compositional regions with valence electron concentrations that yield the same total energy for different crystal structures. Films with varying composition were grown and transmission electron microscopy studies revealed an increase in defect density for the x= 0.5 composition. Nanoindentation performed on such films showed an increase in hardness of - 20% compared to the binary nitrides. Analysis of the indents revealed that materials volumes had rotated away from the indenter, thus offering an alternative mechanism for plastic deformation compared to glide on preferred slip systems seen in the cubic binary nitrides. The materials design concept of such phase stability tuning for mechanical strengthening by a high density of phase interfaces is proposed to be expanded to other materials systems.
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