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- Nilsson Sommar, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Hip Fracture Risk and Cadmium in Erythrocytes : A Nested Case-Control Study with Prospectively Collected Samples
- 2014
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Ingår i: Calcified Tissue International. - : Springer. - 0171-967X .- 1432-0827. ; 94:2, s. 183-190
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several studies have investigated the relation between bone mass density and cadmium exposure, but only few studies have been performed on fractures and biomarkers of cadmium. This study analyzed the association between hip fracture risk and cadmium in erythrocytes (Ery-Cd). Prospective samples from the Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study's biobank were used for 109 individuals who later in life had sustained a low-trauma hip fracture, matched with two controls of the same age and gender. The mean concentration of Ery-Cd (±SD) in case samples was 1.3 ± 1.4 versus 0.9 ± 1.0 μg/L in controls. The odds ratio (OR) was 1.63 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.10-2.42] for suffering a hip fracture for each microgram per liter increase in Ery-Cd. However, when taking smoking into consideration (never, former, or current), neither Ery-Cd nor smoking showed a statistically significant increase in fracture risk. Using multiple conditional logistic regression with BMI, height, and smoking, the estimated OR for a 1-μg/L increase in Ery-Cd was 1.52 (95 % CI 0.77-2.97). Subgroup analysis showed an increased fracture risk among women (OR = 1.94, 95 % CI 1.18-3.20, for a 1 μg/L increase), which also remained in the multiple analysis (OR = 3.33, 95 % CI 1.29-8.56). This study shows that fracture risk is associated with Ery-Cd. It is, however, not possible to draw firm conclusions on whether cadmium is the causal factor or whether other smoking-related factors cause this association. Subgroup analysis shows that cadmium is a risk factor for hip fracture among women.
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| 2. |
- Tegborg, Viktoria, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental results of passive imaging of moving continuous broadband sound sources within a sensor field
- 2011
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Ingår i: IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering. - : IEEE. - 0364-9059 .- 1558-1691. ; 36:1, s. 26-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sparsely distributed sensors or sparse arrays can be associated with high positional accuracy and capability for large area surveillance. This paper shows, both through simulations and with real measurement data, that sparse sensor systems can be used to accomplish high-performance underwater surveillance. The paper focuses on measurement setups with several passive single hydrophones placed hundreds of meters apart in a water depth of dozen of meters. By such a setup, a sound source is more likely to move inside the array, and thus near-field processing can be considered. The sensor pairs will also be located in different directions in relation to the sound source. These two prerequisites give the possibilities to high spatial resolution. Images of the coherent sound activity for different sensor pairs are formed, and every sensor pair map is summarized into a resulting map. In this way, an arbitrary number of sound sources of a target can be resolved. Good correlation results are shown even when the sound sources are at the same distance as the baseline of the sensor pairs. This is achieved by Doppler compensating for target movement and also by whitening of the cross spectra. The analyses of the measurements also show that baseline-dependent bandwidth can improve the results. In this paper, it is indicated from experimental data that two propeller sound sources could be resolved, and in another measurement setup, the engine could be separated from the propellers.
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