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- Jeppsson, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Status and future trends of ICA in wastewater treatment--a European perspective.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Water Science and Technology. - 0273-1223. ; 45:4-5, s. 485-494
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The status of instrumentation, control and automation (ICA) within the European wastewater community is reviewed and some major incentives and bottlenecks are defined. Future trends of ICA are also discussed. The information is based on a COST 624 workshop and a non-exhaustive survey with regard to ICA carried out in 13 European countries during March 2001. The level of instrumentation (type of sensors, usage frequency, etc.) and how these instruments are used for on-line control purposes are presented for each individual country (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland). The most common types of applied real-time control in wastewater treatment plants are given. One conclusion of the paper is that sensors no longer represent the main bottleneck for on-line control, rather the lack of plant flexibility is more troublesome. Moreover, the current transitional phase of the wastewater industry in Europe represents a unique opportunity to apply ICA on a large scale. The driving forces are simply too strong to ignore.
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| 3. |
- Pons, A, et al.
(författare)
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Sequential GC/MS analysis of sialic acids, monosaccharides, and amino acids of glycoproteins on a single sample as heptafluorobutyrate derivatives
- 2003
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Ingår i: Biochemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0006-2960 .- 1520-4995. ; 42:27, s. 8342-8353
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A GUMS procedure was developed for the analysis of all major constituents of glycoproteins. The rationale for this approach is that by using GC/MS analysis of the constituents as heptafluorobutyrate derivatives, it was possible to quantitatively determine the sialic acid, monosaccharide, fatty acids (when present), and the amino acid composition with the sample remaining in the same reaction vessel during the entire procedure. A mild acid hydrolysis was used to liberate sialic acids and was followed by formation of methyl-esters of heptafluorobutyrate (HFB) derivatives. After GC/MS analysis of sialic acids, the remaining material was submitted to acid-catalyzed methanolysis followed by the formation of HFB derivatives. After GUMS analysis of the monosaccharides, the sample was supplemented with norleucine (as internal standard) and hydrolyzed with 6 M HCl followed by the formation of isoamyl-esters of HFB derivatives and GC/MS analysis. His and Trp residues were modified during the step of acid-catalyzed methanolysis, but the resulting derivatives were stable during acid hydrolysis and quantitatively recovered by GUMS analysis. As a result, all constituents of glycoproteins (sialic acids, monosaccharides (or di- and trisaccharides) and amino acids) are identified in the electron impact mode of ionization and quantified using three GUMS analysis in the same chromatographic conditions and using a limited number of reagents, a considerable advantage over previous techniques. This method is very sensitive, all data (qualitative and quantitative) being obtained at the sub-nanomolar level of initial material.
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