| 1. |
- Power, M. J., et al.
(författare)
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Changes in fire regimes since the Last Glacial Maximum : an assessment based on a global synthesis and analysis of charcoal data
- 2008
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Ingår i: Climate Dynamics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0930-7575 .- 1432-0894. ; 30:7-8, s. 887-907
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fire activity has varied globally and continuously since the last glacial maximum (LGM) in response to long-term changes in global climate and shorter-term regional changes in climate, vegetation, and human land use. We have synthesized sedimentary charcoal records of biomass burning since the LGM and present global maps showing changes in fire activity for time slices during the past 21,000 years (as differences in charcoal accumulation values compared to pre-industrial). There is strong broad-scale coherence in fire activity after the LGM, but spatial heterogeneity in the signals increases thereafter. In North America, Europe and southern South America, charcoal records indicate less-than-present fire activity during the deglacial period, from 21,000 to ∼11,000 cal yr BP. In contrast, the tropical latitudes of South America and Africa show greater-than-present fire activity from ∼19,000 to ∼17,000 cal yr BP and most sites from Indochina and Australia show greater-than-present fire activity from 16,000 to ∼13,000 cal yr BP. Many sites indicate greater-than-present or near-present activity during the Holocene with the exception of eastern North America and eastern Asia from 8,000 to ∼3,000 cal yr BP, Indonesia and Australia from 11,000 to 4,000 cal yr BP, and southern South America from 6,000 to 3,000 cal yr BP where fire activity was less than present. Regional coherence in the patterns of change in fire activity was evident throughout the post-glacial period. These complex patterns can largely be explained in terms of large-scale climate controls modulated by local changes in vegetation and fuel load.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- House, J, et al.
(författare)
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Climate and air quality
- 2006
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Ingår i: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005 - Current State and Trends. Findings of the Condition and Trends Working Group (Ecosystems and Human Well-being). ; 1, s. 350-390
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 4. |
- Terracciano, A, et al.
(författare)
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National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures
- 2005
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 1095-9203 .- 0036-8075. ; 310:5745, s. 96-100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most people hold beliefs about personality characteristics typical of members of their own and others' cultures. These perceptions of national character may be generalizations from personal experience, stereotypes with a "kernel of truth," or inaccurate stereotypes. We obtained national character ratings of 3989 people from 49 cultures and compared them with the average personality scores of culture members assessed by observer ratings and self-reports. National character ratings were reliable but did not converge with assessed traits. Perceptions of national character thus appear to be unfounded stereotypes that may serve the function of maintaining a national identity.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Moore, Sophie E., et al.
(författare)
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Early-life nutritional and environmental determinants of thymic size in infants born in rural Bangladesh
- 2009
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 98:7, s. 1168-1175
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM: The aim was to assess the impact of nutritional status and environmental exposures on infant thymic development in the rural Matlab region of Bangladesh. METHODS: In a cohort of N(max) 2094 infants born during a randomized study of combined interventions to improve maternal and infant health, thymic volume (thymic index, TI) was assessed by ultrasonography at birth and at 8, 24 and 52 weeks of age. Data on birth weight, infant anthropometry and feeding status were also collected. RESULTS: At all ages, TI was positively associated with infant weight and strongly associated with the month of measurement. Longer duration of exclusive breastfeeding resulted in a larger TI at 52 weeks. TI at birth and at 8 weeks correlated positively with birth weight, but by 24 and 52 weeks and when adjusted for infant weight this effect was no longer present. Thymic size was not affected by pre-natal maternal supplementation or by socioeconomic status but was correlated to arsenic exposure during pregnancy. CONCLUSION: In this population of rural Bangladeshi infants, thymic development is influenced by both nutritional and environmental exposures early in life. The long-term functional implications of these findings warrant further investigation.
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| 7. |
- Olausson, Hanna, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in bone mineral status and bone size during pregnancy and the influences of body weight and calcium intake
- 2008
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Ingår i: American journal of clinical nutrition. - 0002-9165. ; 88:4, s. 1032-1039
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Calcium may be mobilized from the maternal skeleton during pregnancy, which may be influenced by several factors. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to investigate changes in bone mineral status and size during pregnancy and to consider the influences of body weight and calcium intake. DESIGN: Thirty-four British women were studied before pregnancy and 2 wk postpartum (Preg). Eighty-four nonpregnant, nonlactating (NPNL) women were studied over a corresponding time. Bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA), areal bone mineral density (aBMD), and BA-adjusted BMC of the whole-body, lumbar spine, radius, and hip were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: The Preg group experienced significant decreases in BMC, aBMD, and BA-adjusted BMC at the whole-body, spine, and total hip of between 1% and 4%. Whole-body BMC increased in the NPNL group, and aBMD and BA-adjusted BMC decreased at the spine and hip by 0.5% to 1%. Whole-body BMC decreased in the Preg group by -2.16 +/- 0.46%, equivalent to -2.71 +/- 0.43% relative to the NPNL group (P < or = 0.001). Weight change was a positive predictor of skeletal change at the spine, hip, and radius in both groups. Differences between the Preg and NPNL groups in change in BA-adjusted BMC, after correction for weight change and other influences, were as follows (P < or = 0.01): whole-body, -1.70 +/- 0.25%; spine, -3.03 +/- 0.72%; and total hip, -1.87 +/- 0.60%. Calcium intake was not a significant predictor of skeletal change in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy is associated with decreases in whole-body and regional bone mineral status sufficient to make a sizeable contribution to maternal and fetal calcium economy. Calcium intake is not a significant predictor of the skeletal response to pregnancy in well-nourished women.
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| 8. |
- Schroter, D, et al.
(författare)
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Ecosystem service supply and vulnerability to global change in Europe
- 2005
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 1095-9203 .- 0036-8075. ; 310:5752, s. 1333-1337
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Global change will alter the supply of ecosystem services that are vital for human well-being. To investigate ecosystem service supply during the 21st century, we used a range of ecosystem models and scenarios of climate and land-use change to conduct a Europe-wide assessment. Large changes in climate and land use typically resulted in large changes in ecosystem service supply. Some of these trends may be positive (for example, increases in forest area and productivity) or offer opportunities (for example, "surplus land" for agricultural extensification and bioenergy production). However, many changes increase vulnerability as a result of a decreasing supply of ecosystem services (for example, declining soil fertility, declining water availability, increasing risk of forest fires), especially in the Mediterranean and mountain regions.
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