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- Glader, Pernilla, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of acute exposure to tobacco smoke on gelatinases in the bronchoalveolar space.
- 2008
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Ingår i: The European respiratory journal : official journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. - : European Respiratory Society (ERS). - 1399-3003. ; 32:3, s. 644-650
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Clinical studies have indicated increased gelatinase activity in the airways of patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by tobacco smoke. The present study aimed to determine whether acute exposure to tobacco smoke per se causes a substantial and lasting impact on gelatinases and their inhibitors in the peripheral airways of atopic and nonatopic human subjects. Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed on occasional smokers with and without atopy before and after smoking 10 cigarettes over a 48-h period. Samples from a group of never-smokers not exposed to tobacco smoke served as controls. Gelatinase identity and activity were measured using zymography, and gelatinase activity assay and concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 were measured using ELISA. The results revealed no pronounced changes in identity, net activity or concentration of the gelatinases or changes in concentrations of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in BAL fluid before and after acute exposure to tobacco smoke. In conclusion, the present experimental study indicates that acute exposure to tobacco smoke does not cause any substantial impact on gelatinases or their inhibitors in the peripheral airways, irrespective of atopy status, a finding that is compatible with the fact that it takes many years of tobacco smoking to establish chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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| 4. |
- Qvarfordt, Pernilla, et al.
(författare)
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RealTourist - A study of augmenting human-human and human-computer dialogue with eye-gaze overlay
- 2005
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Ingår i: Human-Computer Interaction - INTERACT 2005. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 9783540289432 - 9783540317227 - 3540289437 ; , s. 767-780
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We developed and studied an experimental system, RealTourist, which lets a user to plan a conference trip with the help of a remote tourist consultant who could view the tourist's eye-gaze superimposed onto a shared map. Data collected from the experiment were analyzed in conjunction with literature review on speech and eye-gaze patterns. This inspective, exploratory research identified various functions of gaze-overlay on shared spatial material including: accurate and direct display of partner's eye-gaze, implicit deictic referencing, interest detection, common focus and topic switching, increased redundancy and ambiguity reduction, and an increase of assurance, confidence, and understanding. This study serves two purposes. The first is to identify patterns that can serve as a basis for designing multimodal human-computer dialogue systems with eye-gaze locus as a contributing channel. The second is to investigate how computer-mediated communication can be supported by the display of the partner's eye-gaze.
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