| 1. |
- Ahlgren, Serina, et al.
(författare)
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EU sustainability criteria for biofuels : Uncertainties in GHG emissions from cultivation
- 2012
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Ingår i: Biofuels. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1759-7269 .- 1759-7277. ; 3:4, s. 399-411
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Cultivation of raw material represents a large proportion of biofuelś GHG emissions. The EU renewable energy directive 2009/28/EC specifies a GHG emission default value for cultivation of biofuel raw material (23 g CO2-e/MJ ethanol for wheat). The aim of this study was to quantify the uncertainty in GHG emissions for wheat cultivation in Sweden, considering uncertainty and variability in data at farm level. Results: Two levels of data collection at farm level were analyzed; simple (only yield and amount of N) and advanced (also including amounts and types of energy). The 2.5-97.5 percentile uncertainty for Swedish winter wheat was 20-27 g CO 2-e/MJ, which can be considered large in the context of the Directives threshold of 23 g (to two significant figures). Conclusion: It is concluded that quantifying GHG emissions in order to regulate biofuels is a difficult task, especially emissions from cultivation, since these are biological systems with large variability.
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| 2. |
- Cederberg, Christel, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Betande djur kan inte rädda klimatet
- 2013
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Ingår i: Land Lantbruk. - 2002-5599 .- 2002-5580.
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 3. |
- Ekelund Axelson, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Climate smart choice in competition
- 2011
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Ingår i: Sustainability - journal from the Swedish Research Council Formas. - 2000-2270. ; , s. 1-2
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 4. |
- Ekelund Axelson, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Klimatsmart val i konkurrensen
- 2010
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Ingår i: Miljöforskning: Formas tidning för ett hållbart samhälle. - 1650-4925. ; , s. 28-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 5. |
- Hallström, Elinor, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable meat consumption: A quantitative analysis of nutritional intake, greenhouse gas emissions and land use from a Swedish perspective
- 2014
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Ingår i: Food Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-9192 .- 1873-5657. ; 47, s. 81-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Food consumption is one of the most important drivers of environmental pressures. Adoption of healthy diets is suggested to be an option for less environmentally intensive food habits and improved public health. In particular, changes in meat consumption are believed to bring potential benefits. Objective: To quantify the impact of changes in meat consumption on the dietary contribution of nutrients, GHG emissions and on land requirement. Design: Scenario analysis is performed for three scenarios representing different variants of meat consumption in Sweden. The reference scenario is based on average Swedish meat consumption while NUTR-1 and NUTR-2 are hypothetical scenarios in line with prevailing dietary guidelines. The results are evaluated in relation to the recommended daily intake of nutrients, international climate goals and global capacity for sustainable expansion of agricultural land. Uncertainties and variations in data are captured by using Monte Carlo simulation. Results: Meat consumption in line with nutritional guidelines, implying an approximate 25% reduction of Swedish average intake, reduces the contribution of total and saturated fat by 59-76%, energy, iron and zinc by about half and protein by one quarter. Restrictions in meat consumption are most critical for the intake of iron and zinc, whereas positive effects on public health are expected due to the reduced intake of saturated fat. Aligning meat consumption with dietary guidelines reduces GHG emissions from meat production from 40% to approximately 15-25% of the long-term (2050) per capita budget of sustainable GHG emissions and the share of per capita available cropland from 50% to 20-30%. Conclusions: This quantitative analysis suggests that beneficial synergies, in terms of public health, GHG emissions and land use pressure, can be provided by reducing current Swedish meat consumption. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Karlsson Potter, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainability assessment of diets-environmental and health aspects
- 2012
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Food choices affect both the environment and health. When assessing the sustainability of diets both these aspects need to be considered. Health impacts as a consequence of dietary habits and environmental impacts from food production occur at different stages of the food chain. The present interdisciplinary study presents a detailed evaluation of health effects from dietary habits and an environmental assessment, linking food intake and primary production. The aim was to develop a model for evaluating whole diets from both environmental and health perspectives. In a case study this model was used to compare three Swedish diets: the Swedish Nutrition Recommendations Objectified (SNO) as the recommended diet from the Swedish National Food Agency, the habitual diet of the Swedish population as assessed in the national food consumption survey “Riksmaten 2010-11” and a Low Carbohydrate High Fat (LCHF) diet which is popular but under debate regarding environmental sustainability and effects on health. The food production required for the intake of a specified amount of each food item was estimated using published factors for waste in the food chain and weight losses during cooking and preparation of foods. Three environmental impact categories were included: global warming potential, land use and land use biodiversity damage potential (BDP). Data was gathered from previous LCA studies for global warming potential and land use. Land use and its location were determined from statistics on yield and trade. BDP from land use was assessed applying the method developed by de Baan et al. (Int J Life Cycle Assess 2012). The number of primary products included was limited to 50, due to the level of detail in food intake statistics and the availability of LCA data and yield statistics. The health impact of the diets was determined by evaluating the intake of energy, macro- and micronutrient for compliance with Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2004. For the LCHF diet a land use of around 0.44 ha land per capita was required, substantially higher than the current Riksmaten diet with 0.33 ha and the recommended SNO diet with 0.25 ha. For all diets, around 60% of the land use was located in Sweden and around 30% in Europe. The LCHF diet had a Global warming potential of 2.3 ton CO2-eq per capita and year compared to the Riksmaten and SNO diets with 1.7 and 1.4 CO2-eq, respectively. Biodiversity damage potential (BDP) was dependent on area occupied, therefore the LCHF diet with the highest land use had the highest BDP. The recommended SNO diet showed, as expected, compliance with dietary recommendations for all micro- and macronutrients, demonstrating that the new model is valid. The other two diets Riksmaten and LCHF resulted in too high intakes for particular nutrients, e.g. saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, and in a too low intake for e.g. fiber, which is detrimental for sustaining health potentially promoting e.g. cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Summarizing, the new model allows for a simultaneous evaluation of diets from environmental and health perspectives. It provides a tool for estimating health and environmental impact when modulating diets according to either national public health or environmental targets.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Röös, Elin
(författare)
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Analysing the carbon footprint of food : insights for consumer communication
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In Europe, food consumption is responsible for approximately 30% of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. There has been huge interest in estimating the carbon footprint (CF) of food products, i.e. the total amount of GHG emitted during the life cycle of the product, and communicating these to consumers to enable them to make informed choices. This thesis provides additional knowledge of several related issues regarding calculating and acting on the CF of food products in order to facilitate the design of effective consumer communication strategies. The uncertainty in the CF of Swedish potatoes and pasta was established to investigate the detail to which food CF can be determined. For a well-defined geographical area the uncertainty was in the range ±10-30%, indicating that the CF uncertainty for more complex foods or foods with a more unspecific origin is considerably higher. Emissions of N₂O from soils dominated the emissions and uncertainties, and yield was an influential parameter for all crops. Possible risks of pollution swapping when acting on CF were investigated in the case of meat production. For meat from monogastric animals, in most cases the CF functions as an indicator for land, energy and pesticide use, and for acidification and eutrophication potential, but for ruminant meat there are possible conflicts with biodiversity, energy and pesticide use. In an attempt to develop a tool that communicates the CF of meat in an efficient way, while highlighting important trade-offs, a criteria-based meat guide based on the knowledge gained was developed. A critical review of CF labelling from a consumer perspective showed that obstacles known to prevent purchase of organic foods, e.g. perceived high price and strong habits, apply equally or more so to the purchase of CF labelled foods. Hence, CF labelling of food in a retail setting is of limited effectiveness, but CF values are important in business-to-business communication, in policy development and for developing efficient and scientifically justified consumer communication messages. Quantification of the reduction potential from a commonly recommended option, 'eating seasonal', showed that consuming tomatoes and carrots seasonally in Sweden could reduce the CF by 30-60%. This is a substantial reduction for these products, but a small reduction in view of the total GHG emissions from the complete average diet. This illustrates the importance of calculating CF values of food and setting the results in perspective.
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| 9. |
- Röös, Elin, et al.
(författare)
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Can carbon footprint serve as an indicator of the environmental impact of meat production?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Ecological Indicators. - : Elsevier BV. - 1470-160X .- 1872-7034. ; 24, s. 573-581
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The carbon footprint (CF), the amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) emitted during a product's lifecycle, was evaluated as an indicator of the wider environmental impacts of meat production using existing life cycle assessments of different types of meat (pork, chicken and beef). The CF generally acts as an indicator of acidification and eutrophication potential, since more efficient use of nitrogen leads to less eutrophying and acidifying substances being released to the environment and to lower GHG emissions in nitrous oxide form. GHG mitigation strategies based on more efficient use of feed can therefore also lead to decreased acidification and eutrophication potential. Decreased GHG emissions due to increased productivity mean less land is required for feed production, so CF can act as a proxy for land use. For the impact category primary energy use, apparent conflicts with CF were identified. Pasture-based beef production can be either very energy-efficient or energy-demanding, but both forms produce high CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation. For monogastric animal production, CF can function as an indicator of primary energy use, as both energy use and GHG emissions originate mainly from feed production. It is unclear how the biodiversity impact category correlates to CF. More intensive production can allow more land to be left in its natural state, but can involve increased use of pesticides and fertilisers and monocropping locally, threatening biodiversity. Using CF as an indicator of the environmental impact of meat can generate conflicts with other environmental categories in some cases. However, the risk of damaging other environmental areas when acting on CF must be weighed against the risk of further neglecting to act on global warming by failing to exploit the current market momentum of carbon footprinting. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
- Röös, Elin, et al.
(författare)
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Challenges of carbon labelling of food products: a consumer research perspective
- 2011
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Ingår i: British Food Journal. - : Emerald. - 0007-070X .- 1758-4108. ; 113, s. 982-996
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to critically reflect on the effects that carbon labelling of food products will have on consumer purchasing behaviour and on reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. Design/methodology/approach – The paper summarises the findings from research on organic food-purchasing behaviour and discusses how this can be applied to the new field of carbon labelling of food. Two consumer behaviour studies specifically examining carbon labelling are also reviewed. Findings – Although consumers have positive attitudes to preserving the environment, sales of organic products are low for several reasons: perceived high price, strong habits governing food purchases, perceived low availability, lack of marketing and information, lack of trust in the labelling system, and low perceived customer effectiveness. All these obstacles apply to the purchase of carbon labelled products and several are even greater for carbon-labelled products, since these do not bring any personal benefits to the consumer, unlike the perceived case for organic products. Practical implications – A carbon labelling scheme must be introduced carefully to avoid confusing the consumer. The goal of the carbon labelling system must be defined, and the label and labelling system designed and managed to meet that goal. Originality/value – Lessons learned from the abundant research on purchasing behaviour regarding organic food are applied to the new field of carbon labelling for the first time. Fields in need of further research for the successful introduction of carbon labelling schemes are identified. Keywords Labelling, Consumer behaviour Paper type Conceptual paper
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