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- Lund, Vonne, et al.
(författare)
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Expanding the moral circle: farmed fish as objects of moral concern
- 2007
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Ingår i: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. - 0177-5103. ; 75:2, s. 109-118
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Until recently fish welfare attracted little attention, but international and national legislation and standards of fish welfare are now emerging and an overview of these developments is presented in this study. Whereas animal welfare legislation is based on public morality, animal ethics does not automatically accept public morality as normative and elaborates arguments regarding the way humans should treat animals (referred to as moral standards). In this study we present the most common animal ethics theories. For most of these, sentience is considered a demarcation line for moral concern: if an animal is sentient, then it should be included in the moral circle, i.e. receive moral consideration in its own right and some basic welfare should be ensured. As for fish, research has revealed that the sensory system of teleosts can detect noxious stimuli, and that some kind of phenomenal consciousness, allowing the fish to feel pain, seems to be present. This raises the ethical question as to how much evidence we need in order to act on such indications of fish sentience. A simple risk analysis shows that the probability that fishes can feel pain is not negligible and that if they do indeed experience pain the consequences in terms of the number of suffering individuals are great. We conclude that farmed fish should be given the benefit of the doubt and we should make efforts that their welfare needs are met as well as possible. Finally, the way forward is briefly discussed: efforts must be made to understand what fish welfare means in practical fish farming. This will involve the development of research and education, greater accountability and transparency, compliance with and control of policies, and quality assurance schemes.
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- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Genetically modified animals in research : An analysis of applications submitted to ethics committees on animal experimentation in Sweden
- 2005
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Ingår i: Animal Welfare. - 0962-7286. ; 14:3, s. 239-248
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of genetically modified (GM) animals in biomedical research has increased during recent years and its ethical aspects have been subject to ongoing academic discussion. In order to reinforce this discussion, we analysed applications submitted to animal ethics committees in Sweden during 2002. The aim was to investigate the researchers' statements concerning the production and use of GM animals, as well as the committees' assessments of the applications. For our analysis, we constructed an analytic form. In part, we included the questions and categories of the mandatory application form, noting for example species, degree of severity regarding pain and distress, the management of pain, and endpoints. In addition, we included our own specific questions and categories, and classified the applications accordingly. In particular we focused on the methods of GM animal production and on the expected clinical symptoms attributable to genetic modification and experimental use. Our analysis, which was partly quantitative and partly qualitative, revealed that applications were often approved by the committees despite containing insufficient information regarding ethically relevant aspects, that the arguments for using GM animals were often unclear, and that some applicants indicated awareness of possible unintentional welfare effects attributable to genetic modification. In more than 36% of the applications, obvious or minor clinical symptoms attibutable to genetic modification were expected. However, we also noted that many applicants emphasised that certain GM animals were to be used without the expectation that the animals would display any clinical symptoms. This was obviously viewed as an ethical advantage. © 2005 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare.
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- Nordgren, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Genetically modified animals in research : an analysis of applications submitted to ethics committees on animal experimentation in Sweden
- 2005
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Ingår i: Animal Welfare. - 0962-7286. ; 14:3, s. 239-248
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of genetically modified animals in biomedical research has increased during recent years and its ethical aspects have been subject to academic discussion. In order to make this discussion more concrete, we analyzed applications submitted to animal ethics committees in Sweden in 2002. The aim was to investigate the researchers’ statements concerning the production and use of genetically modified animals as well as the committees’ assessments. For our analysis, we constructed an Analytic Form. In part, we followed the questions and categories of the mandatory Application Form, noting for example species, degree of severity as regards pain and distress, handling of pain, and endpoints. In part, we created questions and categories of our own and classified the applications accordingly. We focused particularly on methods of production and on expected clinical symptoms due to genetic modification and experimental use. Our analysis – partly quantitative, partly qualitative – showed, inter alia, that applications were often approved in spite of insufficient information regarding ethically relevant aspects, that the arguments for using genetically modified animals were often unclear, and that some applicants indicated awareness of the possibility of unintended welfare effects due to genetic modification, while others did not. We noted that many applicants stressed that certain GM animals were to be used without manifesting any clinical symptoms. This was obviously viewed as an ethical advantage. We found that obvious or minor clinical symptoms due to genetic modification were expected in more than a third of the applications.
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- Padel, Susanne, et al.
(författare)
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The implementation of organic principles and values in the European Regulation for organic food
- 2009
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Ingår i: Food Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-9192. ; 34:3, s. 245-251
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract in Undeterminedhe paper is based on selected findings of the research project EEC 2092/91 (Organic) revision. It contributes to an improved understanding of the core ethical values associated with and principles of organic farming, analyses reference to such values in the European Regulation (EEC) 2092/91 and its ongoing revision, and contrasts them with current practice of organic agriculture. An analysis of differences in the implementation of the Regulation by national governments and private standards is presented. Ethical values are per se in need of interpretation, so the final section sets out procedural issues arguing for a deliberative model of decision-making, when aiming to achieve a coherent integration in the structure of a regulation.
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- Röcklinsberg, Helena
(författare)
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Consent and Consensus in Policies Reated to Food : Five Core Values
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1187-7863 .- 1573-322X. ; 19:3, s. 285-299
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When formulating a policy related to food in a heterogeneous context within a nation or between nations, oppositional positions are more or less explicit, but always have to be overcome. It is interesting to note, though, that such elements as culture and religion have seldom been the focus in discussions about methods of decision-making in food policy. To handle discrepancies between oppositional positions, one solution is to narrow differences between partners, another to accept one partner or position as dominant. In a solid and lasting policy, any of these options has to be agreed upon by all the partners involved. In this article, I argue that context sensitivity and a shared picture of the situation are necessary bases for a solid food policy. Two methods for policy discussion are elaborated on and religious slaughter is given as an example of a heterogeneous setting with strongly diverging ideals. Several aspects have to be respected from the outset, such as culture, religion, and value systems. This condition is partly met in a model of informed consent and in a consensus model. The informed consent model is regarded as insufficient, because it lacks both methods of dealing with hierarchies and the goal of finding a shared and nuanced picture of the situation. A consensus model meets these tasks but might on the other hand, among other things, be too difficult to follow and to administer. For both models, some difficulties with justification of decisions arise. Five essential elements emanating from a combination of these models are suggested as a basis for a decision process regarding food policies: respect for each discussion partner, context sensitivity, respect for arguments including emotions, a shared picture of the situation, and finally relating theory and practice.
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- Röcklinsberg, Helena
(författare)
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Icke-våld för alla varelser
- 2006
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Ingår i: Svensk Kyrkotidning. - 0346-2153. ; :20/2006, s. 256-258
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Recension (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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