| 1. |
- Beuster, G., et al.
(författare)
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Protocol
- 2022
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Ingår i: Internet Policy Review. - : Internet Policy Review, Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society. - 2197-6775. ; 11:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Protocol describes a cascade of formalised standards or agreements to be implemented as control regimes for flexible material and/or semiotic organisation. It predictably structures in an often layered, sometimes hierarchical way the behaviours of data and objects to participate in infrastructural networks. While 'protocol' may refer specifically to Internet protocols, it also describes a mode of organisation evident in a variety of technical and non-technical settings.
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| 2. |
- Röhle, Theo, 1976
(författare)
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DDoS: From Activist Event to Perpetual Crisis
- 2021
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Ingår i: communication +1. - 2380-6109. ; 8:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on recent changes in the way Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are technically administered in order to reassess their role as an activist tactic. By contextualising current forms of attacks within the history of hacktivism, it is possible to discern a shift from DDoS as short-lived event to an enduring phenomenon. The paper discusses the implications of this temporal shift, in terms of a growing reliance on DDoS protection providers and increasingly opaque traffic flows that are managed by these new intermediaries. This discussion then extends towards infrastructure studies in order to question established notions about the relationship between breakdown and visibility. The paper concludes by calling for a stronger engagement with different temporal aspects of recurring communication crises in general and DDoS attacks in particular.
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| 3. |
- Röhle, Theo, 1976
(författare)
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The Politics of Protection. DDoS Mitigation and the Care for Infrastructure
- 2021
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Ingår i: 4S 2021 Toronto - Good Relations. Practices and Methods in Unequal and Uncertain Worlds.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper focuses on Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks that render online content inaccessible by flooding servers with illegitimate requests. There is an increasing number of reports of such attacks being aimed at NGOs and media organisations, a development that is accelerated by the proliferation of vulnerable Internet of Things devices that can be recruited into botnets. Many organisations therefore rely on sophisticated forms of protection, provided either by commercial providers such as Cloudflare, Akamai and Google or by NGO-affiliated providers such as Qurium and Deflect. Following calls for infrastructural perspectives on communication technology in media studies, governance studies and STS, I argue that DDoS mitigation represents a sociotechnical site where new kinds of dependencies between media organisations and IT security providers are being forged. Despite their increasing influence on the distribution of content, these sites have hitherto largely escaped scholarly scrutiny. Based on an interview study with IT professionals involved in DDoS mitigation, the paper focuses on the respondents’ perceptions of their role and responsibilities when it comes to protecting content. As a first exploration into the motivations of experts involved in DDoS mitigation, the paper contributes to a better understanding of the normative positions that drive technology development in this field. Furthering this understanding is crucial at a moment when distribution involves an increasing number of intermediaries with powerful traffic management capabilities. It also raises the question what bearing established imaginaries and visions of society can and should have on the transport layers of distributional infrastructures.
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