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- Kjällstrand, Jennica, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Methoxyphenols from burning of Scandinavian forest plant materials
- 2000
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. ; 41, s. 735-741
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Semivolatile compounds in smoke from gram-scale incomplete burning of plant materials were assessed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Gas syringe sampling was shown to be adequate by comparison with adsorbent sampling. Methoxyphenols as well as 1,6-anhydroglucose were released in amounts as large as 10 mg kg(-1) of dry biomass at 90% combustion efficiency. Wood, twigs, bark and needles from the conifers Norway spruce and Scots pine emitted 12 reported 2-methoxyphenols in similar proportions. Grass, heather and birchwood released the same 2-methoxyphenols but also the corresponding 2,6-dimethoxyphenols which are characteristic of angiosperms. The methoxyphenols are formed from lignin and differ in structure by the group in para position relative to the phenolic OH group. Prominent phenols were those with trans-1-propenyl and ethenyl groups in that position. Vanillin, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, was a prominent carbonyl compound from the conifer materials.
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| 2. |
- Olsson, Maria, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Specific volatile hydrocarbons in smoke from oxidative pyrolysis of softwood pellets
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. ; 71:2, s. 847-854
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Samples of smoke from laboratory burning of commercial sawdust-based softwood pellets were analysed by gas chromatography on an aluminium oxide column. Flaming burning was very efficient. Significant emitted hydrocarbons were methane, quantitatively followed by ethene and lower proportions of ethane, ethyne and propene. The even lower hydrocarbon emissions from final glowing combustion were strikingly different with ethyne and benzene as the only prominent non-methane hydrocarbons. Smouldering combustion caused much higher hydrocarbon concentrations. Prominent non-methane compounds were furan and ethene from initial smouldering, and ethane, ethene and benzene from after-flame smouldering. The large differences in the proportions of specific hydrocarbons should be considered in evaluations of emissions from residential burning of pellets, with respect to combustion technology and impact on environment and health.
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| 3. |
- Amatayakul, Wathanyu, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Life cycle assessment of a catalytic converter for passenger cars
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. ; 9:5, s. 395-403
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A life cycle assessment of a typical ceramic three-way catalytic converter manufactured for a Swedish passenger car is performed. The environmental impacts occurring in the life cycle of a catalytic converter, encompassing the extraction of raw materials, production of a catalytic converter, use phase, etc. are assessed. They are compared with the environmental benefits assessed throughout an average service lifetime of a catalytic converter. Inventory data show that several significant environmental impacts occur in the life cycle and are related to mining and production of the Platinum Group Elements (PGEs) used as the catalytic elements as well as to the use phase. At the current recycling rate, two of the three weighting methods used in this study indicate that the environmental impacts such as resource depletion and waste generation are not less important than the air emissions reduced at the car exhaust pipe. As its name implies, a catalytic converter is a converter. From a global and life cycle perspective, the catalytic converter is converting rather than reducing the environmental impacts. The results show that it is converting exhaust emissions from one place to environmental impacts in other places of the world. It is important that a life cycle perspective should be used for any end of pipe solution and the environmental impacts occurring in the life cycle should not be overlooked and should be weighed against the environmental benefits.
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