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| 2. |
- Freedman, Kevin J., et al.
(författare)
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Nonequilibrium Capture Rates Induce Protein Accumulation and Enhanced Adsorption to Solid-State Nanopores
- 2014
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Ingår i: ACS Nano. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1936-0851 .- 1936-086X. ; 8:12, s. 12238-12249
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Single molecule capturing of analytes using an electrically biased nanopore is the fundamental mechanism in which nearly all nanopore experiments are conducted. With pore dimensions being on the order of a single molecule, the spatial zone of sensing only contains approximately a zeptoliter of volume. As a result, nanopores offer high precision sensing within the pore but provide little to no information about the analytes outside the pore. In this study, we use capture frequency and rate balance theory to predict and study the accumulation of proteins at the entrance to the pore. Protein accumulation is found to have positive attributes such as capture rate enhancement over time but can additionally lead to negative effects such as long-term blockages typically attributed to protein adsorption on the surface of the pore. Working with the folded and unfolded states of the protein domain PDZ2 from SAP97, we show that applying short (e.g., 3-25 s in duration) positive voltage pulses, rather than a constant voltage, can prevent long-term current blockades (i.e., adsorption events). By showing that the concentration of proteins around the pore can be controlled in real time using modified voltage protocols, new experiments can be explored which study the role of concentration on single molecular kinetics including protein aggregation, folding, and protein binding.
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| 3. |
- Gerlag, Danielle M., et al.
(författare)
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EULAR recommendations for terminology and research in individuals at risk of rheumatoid arthritis : report from the Study Group for Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis
- 2012
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Ingår i: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. - : BMJ. - 0003-4967 .- 1468-2060. ; 71:5, s. 638-641
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Study Group for Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis was established by the EULAR Standing Committee on Investigative Rheumatology to facilitate research into the preclinical and earliest clinically apparent phases of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This report describes the recommendation for terminology to be used to define specific subgroups during different phases of disease, and defines the priorities for research in this area. Terminology was discussed by way of a three-stage structured process: A provisional list of descriptors for each of the possible phases preceding the diagnosis of RA were circulated to members of the study group for review and feedback. Anonymised comments from the members on this list were fed back to participants before a 2-day meeting. 18 participants met to discuss these data, agree terminologies and prioritise important research questions. The study group recommended that, in prospective studies, individuals without RA are described as having: genetic risk factors for RA; environmental risk factors for RA; systemic autoimmunity associated with RA; symptoms without clinical arthritis; unclassified arthritis; which may be used in a combinatorial manner. It was recommended that the prefix 'pre-RA with:' could be used before any/any combination of the five points above but only to describe retrospectively a phase that an individual had progressed through once it was known that they have developed RA. An approach to dating disease onset was recommended. In addition, important areas for research were proposed, including research of other tissues in which an adaptive immune response may be initiated, and the identification of additional risk factors and biomarkers for the development of RA, its progression and the development of extra-articular features. These recommendations provide guidance on approaches to describe phases before the development of RA that will facilitate communication between researchers and comparisons between studies. A number of research questions have been defined, requiring new cohorts to be established and new techniques to be developed to image and collect material from different sites.
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- Khan, M. Ajmal, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of titania concentration on the grain boundary conductivity of calcium-doped ceria electrolyte
- 2014
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Ingår i: Ceramics International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0272-8842 .- 1873-3956. ; 40:7, s. 9775-9781
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A solid-state technique was used to synthesize ceria-based (CDC-xT, in which x=0-1 mol%) solid electrolyte ceramics. The effects of doping the ceramic solid electrolyte (CDC) with titanium oxide were studied with regard to densification, crystal structure, morphology, electro-impedance spectroscopy and fuel cell performance. TiO2 doping afforded materials a 95% relative density at 940 degrees C, approximately 200 degrees C lower than the temperature required without titanium oxide. The addition of titanium oxide (TiO2) reduced the CDC sintering temperature and significantly improved the grain boundary conduction. The minimum grain boundary resistivity was obtained at 0.8 mol% TiO2. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that the lattice parameters enhanced with increased titanium oxide concentrations up to 0.8 mol%, revealing the solubility limit for Caria's fluorite structure. The optimum doping level (0.8 mol%) is provided maximum conductivity. Conductivities were measured using EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) with a two-probe method, and the activation energies were calculated using the Arrhenius plots. The maximum power density (660 mW/cm(2)) was achieved with CDC 0.8T electrolyte at 650 degrees C using LiCuZnNi oxide electrodes.
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| 6. |
- Raza, Karim, et al.
(författare)
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Delays in assessment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: variations across Europe
- 2011
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Ingår i: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. - London : BMJ. - 1468-2060 .- 0003-4967. ; 70:10, s. 1822-1825
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective The first 3 months after symptom onset represent an important therapeutic window for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study investigates the extent and causes of delay in assessment of patients with RA in eight European countries. Method Data on the following levels of delay were collected from 10 centres (Berlin, Birmingham, Heraklion, Lund, Prague, Stockholm, Umea, Vienna, Warsaw and Zurich): (1) from onset of RA symptoms to request to see healthcare professional (HCP); (2) from request to see HCP to assessment by that HCP; (3) from initial assessment by HCP to referral to rheumatologist; and (4) from referral to rheumatologist to assessment by that rheumatologist. Results Data were collected from 482 patients with RA. The median delay across the 10 centres from symptom onset to assessment by the rheumatologist was 24 weeks, with the percentage of patients seen within 12 weeks of symptom onset ranging from 8% to 42%. There were important differences in the levels underlying the total delays at individual centres. Conclusions This research highlights the contribution of patients, professionals and health systems to treatment delay for patients with RA in Europe. Although some centres have strengths in minimising certain types of delay, interventions are required in all centres to ensure timely treatment for patients.
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