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- Schael, S, et al.
(författare)
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Precision electroweak measurements on the Z resonance
- 2006
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Ingår i: Physics Reports. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-1573 .- 1873-6270. ; 427:5-6, s. 257-454
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on the final electroweak measurements performed with data taken at the Z resonance by the experiments operating at the electron-positron colliders SLC and LEP. The data consist of 17 million Z decays accumulated by the ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL experiments at LEP, and 600 thousand Z decays by the SLID experiment using a polarised beam at SLC. The measurements include cross-sections, forward-backward asymmetries and polarised asymmetries. The mass and width of the Z boson, m(Z) and Gamma(Z), and its couplings to fermions, for example the p parameter and the effective electroweak mixing angle for leptons, are precisely measured: m(Z) = 91.1875 +/- 0.0021 GeV, Gamma(Z) = 2.4952 +/- 0.0023 GeV, rho(l) = 1.0050 +/- 0.0010, sin(2)theta(eff)(lept) = 0.23153 +/- 0.00016. The number of light neutrino species is determined to be 2.9840 +/- 0.0082, in agreement with the three observed generations of fundamental fermions. The results are compared to the predictions of the Standard Model (SM). At the Z-pole, electroweak radiative corrections beyond the running of the QED and QCD coupling constants are observed with a significance of five standard deviations, and in agreement with the Standard Model. Of the many Z-pole measurements, the forward-backward asymmetry in b-quark production shows the largest difference with respect to its SM expectation, at the level of 2.8 standard deviations. Through radiative corrections evaluated in the framework of the Standard Model, the Z-pole data are also used to predict the mass of the top quark, m(t) = 173(+10)(+13) GeV, and the mass of the W boson, m(W) = 80.363 +/- 0.032 GeV. These indirect constraints are compared to the direct measurements, providing a stringent test of the SM. Using in addition the direct measurements of m(t) and m(W), the mass of the as yet unobserved SM Higgs boson is predicted with a relative uncertainty of about 50% and found to be less than 285 GeV at 95% confidence level. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- Willer, Cristen J., et al.
(författare)
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Six new loci associated with body mass index highlight a neuronal influence on body weight regulation
- 2009
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Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1546-1718 .- 1061-4036. ; 41:1, s. 25-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Common variants at only two loci, FTO and MC4R, have been reproducibly associated with body mass index (BMI) in humans. To identify additional loci, we conducted meta-analysis of 15 genome-wide association studies for BMI (n > 32,000) and followed up top signals in 14 additional cohorts (n > 59,000). We strongly confirm FTO and MC4R and identify six additional loci (P < 5 x 10(-8)): TMEM18, KCTD15, GNPDA2, SH2B1, MTCH2 and NEGR1 (where a 45-kb deletion polymorphism is a candidate causal variant). Several of the likely causal genes are highly expressed or known to act in the central nervous system (CNS), emphasizing, as in rare monogenic forms of obesity, the role of the CNS in predisposition to obesity.
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| 6. |
- Ha, Chunfang, et al.
(författare)
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Adrenomedullin and its receptor, calcitonin receptor-like receptor, are aberrantly expressed in women with idiopathic menorrhagia
- 2009
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Ingår i: Molecular Medicine Reports. - : Spandidos Publications. - 1791-2997. ; 2:1, s. 7-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The human endometrium undergoes a unique process of benign angiogenesis under the control of ovarian steroids during reproductive life. Aberrant angiogenesis has been implicated in idiopathic menorrhagia, a common gynaecological complaint. One of the key factors involved in endometrial angiogenesis is adrenomedullin (AM), a multifunctional 52-amino acid peptide. AM mediates the activities of endometrial angiogenesis via calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR). The objective of the present study was to compare the endometrial expression of AM and CRL in women with and without idiopathic menorrhagia. Endometrial biopsies were obtained from 9 women with menorrhagia (>= 80 ml per menstruation) and 12 women with normal blood loss (<80 ml per menstruation). Protein and mRNA expression levels of AM and CLR were determined using immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. Compared to the controls, patients with menorrhagia exhibited low immunostaining intensity of AM, while high CLR staining was observed in the epithelium (p<0.05). No difference in mRNA expression was observed between the groups. These data suggest that an imbalance in the AM/CLR system might alter endometrial angiogenesis in menorrhagia.
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| 9. |
- Wannberg, Johan, 1974-
(författare)
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Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of C2-Symmetric HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors : Development and Applications of In Situ Carbonylations and other Palladium(0)-Catalyzed Reactions
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The HIV protease is an essential enzyme for HIV replication and constitutes an important target in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. Efficient combination therapies using inhibitors of the reverse transcriptase and protease enzymes have led many to reevaluate HIV infections from a terminal condition to a chronic-but-manageable disease in the developed world. Unfortunately, the emergence of drug resistant viral strains and severe treatment-related adverse effects limit the benefits of current anti-HIV/AIDS drugs for many patients. Furthermore, less than one in ten patients infected with HIV in low- and middle-income countries have access to proper treatment. These important shortcomings highlight the need for new, cost effective anti-HIV/AIDS drugs with unique properties.Microwave heating has recently emerged as a productivity-enhancing tool for the medicinal chemist. Reaction times can often be reduced from hours to minutes or seconds and chemistry previously considered impractical or unattainable can now be accessed.In this thesis, the search for unique HIV-1 protease inhibitors and the development and application of new microwave-promoted synthetic methods useful in small-scale medicinal chemistry applications are presented. Protocols for rapid amino- and hydrazidocarbonylations were developed. Mo(CO)6 was used as a solid source of carbon monoxide, enabling a safe, efficient and simple way to exploit carbonylation chemistry without the direct use of toxic carbon monoxide gas. The aminocarbonylation methodology was applied in the synthesis of two series of new HIV-1 protease inhibitors. A biological evaluation suggested that ortho-substitution of P1 and/or P1’ benzyl side chains might provide a new approach to HIV-1 protease inhibitors with novel properties. To assess the scope and limitations of the ortho-substitution concept, a new series of compounds exhibiting fair potency was prepared by various microwave-heated, palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions. Finally, computer modeling was applied to rationalize the binding-modes and structure-activity relationships of these HIV-1 protease inhibitors.
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