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| 2. |
- Pfaller, M.A., et al.
(författare)
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Twelve years of fluconazole in clinical practice : Global-trends in species distribution and fluconazole susceptibility of bloodstream isolates of Candida
- 2004
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Ingår i: Clinical Microbiology and Infection. - : Elsevier BV. - 1198-743X .- 1469-0691. ; 10:SUPPL. 1, s. 11-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We determined the species distribution and in-vitro susceptibility of 6082 bloodstream infection (BSI) isolates of Candida spp. collected from 250 medical centres in 32 nations over a 10-year period from 1992 through 2001. The species included 3401 C. albicans, 984 C. glabrata, 796 C. parapsilosis, 585 C. tropicalis, 153 C. krusei, 67 C. lusitaniae, 48 C. guilliermondii, 10 C. famata, 10 C. kefyr, six C. pelliculosa, five C. rugosa, four C. lipolytica, three C. dubliniensis, three C. inconspicua, two C. sake and one isolate each of C. lambica, C. norvegensis and C. zeylanoides. Minimum inhibitory concentration determinations were made using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards reference broth microdilution method. Variation in the rank order and frequency of the different species of Candida was observed over time and by geographic area. The proportion of BSI due to C. albicans and C. glabrata increased and C. parapsilosis decreased over time in Canada, the USA and Europe. C. glabrata was an infrequent cause of BSI in Latin America and the Asia-Pacific region. Very little variation in fluconazole susceptibility was observed among isolates of C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. These species accounted for 78% of all BSI and remained highly susceptible (91-100% susceptible) to fluconazole from 1992 to 2001 irrespective of geographic origin. The prevalence of fluconazole resistance among C. glabrata isolates was variable both over time and among the various countries and regions. Resistance to fluconazole among C. glabrata isolates was greatest in the USA and varied by US census region (range 0-23%). These observations are generally encouraging relative to the sustained usefulness of fluconazole as a systemically active antifungal agent for the treatment of candida BSI. © 2004 Copyright by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.
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| 3. |
- Beral, V, et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer - collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58515 women with breast cancer and 95067 women without the disease
- 2002
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Ingår i: British Journal of Cancer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1532-1827 .- 0007-0920. ; 87, s. 1234-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alcohol and tobacco consumption are closely correlated and published results on their association with breast cancer have not always allowed adequately for confounding between these exposures. Over 80% of the relevant information worldwide on alcohol and tobacco consumption and breast cancer were collated, checked and analysed centrally. Analyses included 58515 women with invasive breast cancer and 95067 controls from 53 studies. Relative risks of breast cancer were estimated, after stratifying by study, age, parity and, where appropriate, women's age when their first child was born and consumption of alcohol and tobacco. The average consumption of alcohol reported by controls from developed countries was 6.0 g per day, i.e. about half a unit/drink of alcohol per day, and was greater in ever-smokers than never-smokers, (8.4 g per day and 5.0 g per day, respectively). Compared with women who reported drinking no alcohol, the relative risk of breast cancer was 1.32 (1.19 - 1.45, P < 0.00001) for an intake of 35 - 44 g per day alcohol, and 1.46 (1.33 - 1.61, P < 0.00001) for greater than or equal to 45 g per day alcohol. The relative risk of breast cancer increased by 7.1% (95% CI 5.5-8.7%; P<0.00001) for each additional 10 g per day intake of alcohol, i.e. for each extra unit or drink of alcohol consumed on a daily basis. This increase was the same in ever-smokers and never-smokers (7.1 % per 10 g per day, P < 0.00001, in each group). By contrast, the relationship between smoking and breast cancer was substantially confounded by the effect of alcohol. When analyses were restricted to 22 255 women with breast cancer and 40 832 controls who reported drinking no alcohol, smoking was not associated with breast cancer (compared to never-smokers, relative risk for ever-smokers= 1.03, 95% CI 0.98 - 1.07, and for current smokers=0.99, 0.92 - 1.05). The results for alcohol and for tobacco did not vary substantially across studies, study designs, or according to 15 personal characteristics of the women; nor were the findings materially confounded by any of these factors. If the observed relationship for alcohol is causal, these results suggest that about 4% of the breast cancers in developed countries are attributable to alcohol. In developing countries, where alcohol consumption among controls averaged only 0.4 g per day, alcohol would have a negligible effect on the incidence of breast cancer. In conclusion, smoking has little or no independent effect on the risk of developing breast cancer; the effect of alcohol on breast cancer needs to be interpreted in the context of its beneficial effects, in moderation, on cardiovascular disease and its harmful effects on cirrhosis and cancers of the mouth, larynx, oesophagus and liver. (C) 2002 Cancer Research UK.
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| 4. |
- Adam, A., et al.
(författare)
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A decade of neglect : Reflecting on gender and IS
- 2004
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Ingår i: New technology, work and employment. - 0268-1072 .- 1468-005X. ; 19:3, s. 222-240
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents the case that research on gender and information systems (IS), from both quantitative and qualitative traditions, is problematic as the concept of gender continues to remain under-theorised. This will be elaborated upon with a critique of some recent qualitative and quantitative research papers that have been published in key IS journals within a ten-year period.
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| 5. |
- de Bruijn, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Erythropoietin production as a result of repeated apneas
- 2004
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: It has been known for decades that high altitude hypoxia will lead to increased erythropoiesis. Hypoxia in mainly the kidney results in an increased production of erythropoietin (EPO) stimulating erythropoiesis. High altitude natives display a higher haemoglobin concentration than sea level residents, which in turn increase their haemoglobin concentration as part of the adaptation to altitude. Another group of humans exposed to hypoxia is apneic divers, which may endure transient acute hypoxia, spaced by periods of normal breathing. We recently found higher haemoglobin levels in elite apneic divers, compared to groups of elite skiers and untrained subjects, suggesting that apnea training may induce erythropoiesis in humans. It is well known that diving mammals display high haemoglobin concentrations, and the beneficial effects are obvious: A larger oxygen store before diving prolongs the aerobic dive limit, and a higher haemoglobin concentration may speed up recovery after apneas and act as a buffer against acidosis during the dive. Although our group comparisons reveal a higher haemoglobin concentration in divers, it cannot be determined whether this is a training effect or genetically determined i.e. if individuals with higher concentrations of haemoglobin are more prone to take up apneic diving. Methods: To investigate if apnea training can induce EPO production, 5 previously untrained volunteers (3 men and 2 women, mean ageSD 28 5.5 years) performed 15 maximal apneas in a horizontal position in air. The apneas were grouped in 3 series of 5 apneas and spaced by 2 minutes of which 1 minute was spent slightly hyperventilating, to produce apneas sufficiently long to induce hypoxia. Series were spaced by 10 minutes resting periods. To determine EPO levels, venous blood samples were taken before apneas and directly after the last apnea series, followed by samples 1, 2, 3 and 5 hours after the apneas. Results: Mean baseline EPO before the apneas was 10.2 U/L. In all subjects EPO levels increased during the 5 hours period after the apneas. The time for EPO-peak values were different among individuals. The mean peak value occurred after 3 h, where the mean increase was 12 % of the pre apnea reference value. Conclusion: The results suggest that apnea induced intermittent hypoxia could lead to increased erythropoiesis. The evaluation of these findings in a larger group of subjects, including measurements of the individual circadian variations in EPO production, is in progress.
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| 7. |
- Korn, G., et al.
(författare)
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Ultrashort 1-kHz laser plasma hard x-ray source
- 2002
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Ingår i: Optics Letters. - 0146-9592 .- 1539-4794. ; 27:10, s. 866-868
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We achieved a continuous, stable, ultrashort pulse hard x-ray point source by focusing 1.8-W, 1-kHz, 50-fs laser pulses onto a novel, 30-mum-diameter, high-velocity, liquid-metal gallium jet. This target geometry avoids most of the debris problems of solid targets and provides nearly 4pi illumination. Photon fluxes of 5 X 10(8) photons/s are generated in a two-component spectrum consisting of a broad continuum from 4 to 14 keV and strong K-alpha and K-beta emission lines at 9.25 and 10.26 keV. This source will find wide use in time-resolved x-ray diffraction studies and other applications.
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| 8. |
- Krop, I, et al.
(författare)
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Lack of HIN-1 methylation in BRCAl-linked and "BRCA1-like" breast tumors
- 2003
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Ingår i: Cancer Research. - 1538-7445 .- 0008-5472. ; 63:9, s. 2024-2027
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We recently identified a candidate tumor suppressor gene, HIN-1, that is silenced due to methylation in the majority of sporadic breast carcinomas and is localized to 5q33-qter, an area frequently lost in BRCA1 tumors and thought to harbor a BRCA1 modifier gene. To establish whether germ-line mutations in HIN-1 may influence breast cancer risk, we sequenced the HIN-1 coding region in 10 familial breast cancer patients with positive logarithm of the odds scores of at least one of the markers flanking HIN-1. We also sequenced the HIN-1 coding region in 15 BRCA1 and 35 sporadic breast tumors to determine whether HIN-1 is the target of the frequent 5q loss in BRCA1 tumors. No sequence alterations were found in any of the cases analyzed. However, analysis of HIN-1 promoter methylation status revealed that in striking contrast to sporadic cases, there is a nearly complete lack of HIN-1 methylation in BRCA1 tumors (P < 0.0001). Sporadic breast tumors with a "BRCA1-like" histopathological phenotype also demonstrated significantly lower frequency of HIN-1 promoter methylation (P = 0.01) compared with other cancer types, and there was also a difference among tumors based on their estrogen receptor and HER2 status (P = 0.006), suggesting that HIN-1 methylation patterns are associated with specific breast cancer subtypes.
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| 9. |
- Kyle, RA, et al.
(författare)
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Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group
- 2003
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Ingår i: British Journal of Haematology. - : Wiley. - 0007-1048. ; 121:5, s. 749-757
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The monoclonal gammopathies are a group of disorders associated with monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells. The characterization of specific entities is an area of difficulty in clinical practice. The International Myeloma Working Group has reviewed the criteria for diagnosis and classification with the aim of producing simple, easily used definitions based on routinely available investigations. In monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) or monoclonal gammopathy, unattributed/unassociated (MG[u]), the monoclonal protein is < 30 g/l and the bone marrow clonal cells < 10% with no evidence of multiple myeloma, other B-cell proliferative disorders or amyloidosis. In asymptomatic (smouldering) myeloma the M-protein is greater than or equal to 30 g/l and/or bone marrow clonal cells greater than or equal to 10% but no related organ or tissue impairment (ROTI)(end-organ damage), which is typically manifested by increased calcium, renal insufficiency, anaemia, or bone lesions (CRAB) attributed to the plasma cell proliferative process. Symptomatic myeloma requires evidence of ROTI. Non-secretory myeloma is characterized by the absence of an M-protein in the serum and urine, bone marrow plasmacytosis and ROTI. Solitary plasmacytoma of bone, extramedullary plasmacytoma and multiple solitary plasmacytomas (+/- recurrent) are also defined as distinct entities. The use of these criteria will facilitate comparison of therapeutic trial data. Evaluation of currently available prognostic factors may allow better definition of prognosis in multiple myeloma.
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