| 1. |
- Canton, Jacopo, et al.
(författare)
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Critical Point for Bifurcation Cascades and Featureless Turbulence
- 2020
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - : AMER PHYSICAL SOC. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 124:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this Letter we show that a bifurcation cascade and fully sustained turbulence can share the phase space of a fluid flow system, resulting in the presence of competing stable attractors. We analyze the toroidal pipe flow, which undergoes subcritical transition to turbulence at low pipe curvatures (pipe-to-torus diameter ratio) and supercritical transition at high curvatures, as was previously documented. We unveil an additional step in the bifurcation cascade and provide evidence that, in a narrow range of intermediate curvatures, its dynamics competes with that of sustained turbulence emerging through subcritical transition mechanisms.
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| 2. |
- Dainotti, Maria Giovanna, et al.
(författare)
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Gamma-Ray Bursts as Distance Indicators by a Statistical Learning Approach
- 2024
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal Letters. - 2041-8205. ; 967:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) can be probes of the early Universe, but currently, only 26% of GRBs observed by the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory have known redshifts (z) due to observational limitations. To address this, we estimated the GRB redshift (distance) via a supervised statistical learning model that uses optical afterglow observed by Swift and ground-based telescopes. The inferred redshifts are strongly correlated (a Pearson coefficient of 0.93) with the observed redshifts, thus proving the reliability of this method. The inferred and observed redshifts allow us to estimate the number of GRBs occurring at a given redshift (GRB rate) to be 8.47-9 yr−1 Gpc−1 for 1.9 < z < 2.3. Since GRBs come from the collapse of massive stars, we compared this rate with the star formation rate, highlighting a discrepancy of a factor of 3 at z < 1.
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| 3. |
- Dainotti, Maria Giovanna, et al.
(författare)
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On the Evolution of the Hubble Constant with the SNe Ia Pantheon Sample and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations : A Feasibility Study for GRB-Cosmology in 2030
- 2022
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Ingår i: Galaxies. - : MDPI AG. - 2075-4434. ; 10:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The difference from 4 to 6 σ in the Hubble constant (H0 ) between the values observed with the local (Cepheids and Supernovae Ia, SNe Ia) and the high-z probes (Cosmic Microwave Background obtained by the Planck data) still challenges the astrophysics and cosmology community. Previous analysis has shown that there is an evolution in the Hubble constant that scales as f (z) = H0/(1 + z)η, where H0 is H0 (z = 0) and η is the evolutionary parameter. Here, we investigate if this evolution still holds by using the SNe Ia gathered in the Pantheon sample and the Baryon Acoustic Oscillations. We assume H0 = 70 km s−1 Mpc−1 as the local value and divide the Pantheon into three bins ordered in increasing values of redshift. Similar to our previous analysis but varying two cosmological parameters contemporaneously (H0, Ω0m in the ΛCDM model and H0, wa in the w0waCDM model), for each bin we implement a Markov-Chain Monte Carlo analysis (MCMC) obtaining the value of H0 assuming Gaussian priors to restrict the parameters spaces to values we expect from our prior knowledge of the current cosmological models and to avoid phantom Dark Energy models with w < −1. Subsequently, the values of H0 are fitted with the model f (z). Our results show that a decreasing trend with η ∼ 10−2 is still visible in this sample. The η coefficient reaches zero in 2.0 σ for the ΛCDM model up to 5.8 σ for w0waCDM model. This trend, if not due to statistical fluctuations, could be explained through a hidden astrophysical bias, such as the effect of stretch evolution, or it requires new theoretical models, a possible proposition is the modified gravity theories, f (R). This analysis is meant to further cast light on the evolution of H0 and it does not specifically focus on constraining the other parameters. This work is also a preparatory to understand how the combined probes still show an evolution of the H0 by redshift and what is the current status of simulations on GRB cosmology to obtain the uncertainties on the Ω0m comparable with the ones achieved through SNe Ia.
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| 4. |
- Gibson, Spencer James, et al.
(författare)
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Using Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations to Predict Redshifts of Active Galactic Nuclei
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-987X. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Redshift measurement of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) remains a time-consuming and challenging task, as it requires follow up spectroscopic observations and detailed analysis. Hence, there exists an urgent requirement for alternative redshift estimation techniques. The use of machine learning (ML) for this purpose has been growing over the last few years, primarily due to the availability of large-scale galactic surveys. However, due to observational errors, a significant fraction of these data sets often have missing entries, rendering that fraction unusable for ML regression applications. In this study, we demonstrate the performance of an imputation technique called Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations (MICE), which rectifies the issue of missing data entries by imputing them using the available information in the catalog. We use the Fermi-LAT Fourth Data Release Catalog (4LAC) and impute 24% of the catalog. Subsequently, we follow the methodology described in Dainotti et al. (ApJ, 2021, 920, 118) and create an ML model for estimating the redshift of 4LAC AGNs. We present results which highlight positive impact of MICE imputation technique on the machine learning models performance and obtained redshift estimation accuracy.
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| 5. |
- Jones, Geraint H., et al.
(författare)
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The Comet Interceptor Mission
- 2024
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Ingår i: Space Science Reviews. - : Springer Nature. - 0038-6308 .- 1572-9672. ; 220:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Here we describe the novel, multi-point Comet Interceptor mission. It is dedicated to the exploration of a little-processed long-period comet, possibly entering the inner Solar System for the first time, or to encounter an interstellar object originating at another star. The objectives of the mission are to address the following questions: What are the surface composition, shape, morphology, and structure of the target object? What is the composition of the gas and dust in the coma, its connection to the nucleus, and the nature of its interaction with the solar wind? The mission was proposed to the European Space Agency in 2018, and formally adopted by the agency in June 2022, for launch in 2029 together with the Ariel mission. Comet Interceptor will take advantage of the opportunity presented by ESA’s F-Class call for fast, flexible, low-cost missions to which it was proposed. The call required a launch to a halo orbit around the Sun-Earth L2 point. The mission can take advantage of this placement to wait for the discovery of a suitable comet reachable with its minimum Δ V capability of 600 ms − 1 . Comet Interceptor will be unique in encountering and studying, at a nominal closest approach distance of 1000 km, a comet that represents a near-pristine sample of material from the formation of the Solar System. It will also add a capability that no previous cometary mission has had, which is to deploy two sub-probes – B1, provided by the Japanese space agency, JAXA, and B2 – that will follow different trajectories through the coma. While the main probe passes at a nominal 1000 km distance, probes B1 and B2 will follow different chords through the coma at distances of 850 km and 400 km, respectively. The result will be unique, simultaneous, spatially resolved information of the 3-dimensional properties of the target comet and its interaction with the space environment. We present the mission’s science background leading to these objectives, as well as an overview of the scientific instruments, mission design, and schedule.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Lupi, Valerio, et al.
(författare)
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Modal stability analysis of toroidal pipe flow approaching zero curvature
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Fluid Mechanics. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0022-1120 .- 1469-7645. ; 987
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study investigates the modal stability of the steady incompressible flow inside a toroidal pipe for values of the curvature (ratio between pipe and torus radii) approaching zero, i.e. the limit of a straight pipe. The global neutral stability curve for is traced using a continuation algorithm. Two different families of unstable eigenmodes are identified. For curvatures below, the critical Reynolds number is proportional to. Hence, the critical Dean number is constant,. This behaviour confirms that the Hagen-Poiseuille flow is stable to infinitesimal perturbations for any Reynolds number and suggests that a continuous transition from the curved to the straight pipe takes place as far as it regards the stability properties. For low values of the curvature, an approximate self-similar solution for the steady base flow can be obtained at a fixed Dean number. Exploiting the proposed semi-analytic scaling in the stability analysis provides satisfactory results.
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| 8. |
- Narendra, Aditya, et al.
(författare)
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Predicting the Redshift of Gamma-Ray Loud AGNs Using Supervised Machine Learning. II
- 2022
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series. - : American Astronomical Society. - 0067-0049 .- 1538-4365. ; 259:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Measuring the redshift of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) requires the use of time-consuming and expensive spectroscopic analysis. However, obtaining redshift measurements of AGNs is crucial as it can enable AGN population studies, provide insight into the star formation rate, the luminosity function, and the density rate evolution. Hence, there is a requirement for alternative redshift measurement techniques. In this project, we aim to use the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope's 4LAC Data Release 2 catalog to train a machine-learning (ML) model capable of predicting the redshift reliably. In addition, this project aims at improving and extending with the new 4LAC Catalog the predictive capabilities of the ML methodology published in Dainotti et al. Furthermore, we implement feature engineering to expand the parameter space and a bias correction technique to our final results. This study uses additional ML techniques inside the ensemble method, the SuperLearner, previously used in Dainotti et al. Additionally, we also test a novel ML model called Sorted L-One Penalized Estimation. Using these methods, we provide a catalog of estimated redshift values for those AGNs that do not have a spectroscopic redshift measurement. These estimates can serve as a redshift reference for the community to verify as updated Fermi catalogs are released with more redshift measurements.
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| 9. |
- Rinaldi, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
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Edge state modulation by mean viscosity gradients
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Fluid Mechanics. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0022-1120 .- 1469-7645. ; 838, s. 379-403
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Motivated by the relevance of edge state solutions as mediators of transition, we use direct numerical simulations to study the effect of spatially non-uniform viscosity on their energy and stability in minimal channel flows. What we seek is a theoretical support rooted in a fully nonlinear framework that explains the modified threshold for transition to turbulence in flows with temperature-dependent viscosity. Consistently over a range of subcritical Reynolds numbers, we find that decreasing viscosity away from the walls weakens the streamwise streaks and the vortical structures responsible for their regeneration. The entire self-sustained cycle of the edge state is maintained on a lower kinetic energy level with a smaller driving force, compared to a flow with constant viscosity. Increasing viscosity away from the walls has the opposite effect. In both cases, the effect is proportional to the strength of the viscosity gradient. The results presented highlight a local shift in the state space of the position of the edge state relative to the laminar attractor with the consequent modulation of its basin of attraction in the proximity of the edge state and of the surrounding manifold. The implication is that the threshold for transition is reduced for perturbations evolving in the neighbourhood of the edge state in the case that viscosity decreases away from the walls, and vice versa.
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| 10. |
- Rinaldi, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
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Linear stability of buffer layer streaks in turbulent channels with variable density and viscosity
- 2017
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Ingår i: Physical Review Fluids. - : American Physical Society. - 2469-990X. ; 2:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate the stability of streaks in the buffer layer of turbulent channel flows with temperature-dependent density and viscosity by means of linear theory. The adopted framework consists of an extended set of the Orr-Sommerfeld-Squire equations that accounts for density and viscosity nonuniformity in the direction normal to the walls. The base flow profiles for density, viscosity, and velocity are averaged from direct numerical simulations (DNSs) of fully developed turbulent channel flows. We find that the inner scaling based on semilocal quantities provides an effective parametrization of the effect of variable properties on the linearized flow. The spanwise spacing of optimal buffer layer streaks scales to λz,opt≈90 for all cases considered and the maximum energy amplification decreases, compared to the one for a flow with constant properties, if the semilocal Reynolds number Reτ increases away from the walls, consistently with less energetic streaks observed in DNSs of turbulent channels. A secondary stability analysis of the two-dimensional velocity profile formed by the mean turbulent velocity and the nonlinearly saturated optimal streaks predicts a streamwise instability mode with wavelength λx,cr≈230 in semilocal units, regardless of the fluid property distribution across the channel. The threshold for the onset of the secondary instability is reduced, compared to a constant property flow, if Reτ increases away from the walls, which explains the more intense ejection events reported in DNSs. The opposite behavior is predicted by the linear theory for decreasing Reτ, in accord with DNS observations. We finally show that the phase velocity of the critical mode of secondary instability agrees well with the convection velocity calculated by DNSs in the near-wall region for both constant and variable viscosity flows.
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