| 1. |
- Budhavant, K. B., et al.
(författare)
-
Black carbon in cloud-water and rain water during monsoon season at a high altitude station in India
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 129, s. 256-264
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present results of measurements of black carbon (BC) from ground-based wet-only rainwater (RW) and cloud-water (CW) sampling at a mountain field station, Sinhagad, situated in south western India during the period from June 2008 to October 2010. The amount of BC in the sample was determined by photometry at a wavelength of 528 nm after a procedure including the filtration through a 0.4 mu m polycarbonate membrane filter. Water soluble concentrations of major anions in RW and CW were also determined. The average concentration of BC in RW (16 mu mol dm(-3)) is higher by at least a factor 2 than that found in similar studies reported from other parts of the world. On the other hand, the average concentration of BC in CW (47 mu mol dm(-3)) is lower by about a factor of 2 than that found at other sites. The ratio between the average concentrations in CW and RW varies from 2 (K+) to 7 (SO42-). The ratio for BC was about 3. No significant difference was observed for pH. Analysis of air mass back trajectories and of correlations between the various components indicates that long range transport of pollutants and dust from East Africa and Southern part of the Arabian peninsula might contribute to the high concentrations of BC and some of the ionic constituents at Sinhagad during the monsoon season.
|
|
| 2. |
- De Geer, Lars-Erik, et al.
(författare)
-
A Nuclear Jet at Chernobyl Around 21:23:45 UTC on April 25, 1986
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Nuclear Technology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0029-5450 .- 1943-7471. ; 201:1, s. 11-22
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The nature of two explosions that were witnessed within 3 s at the Chernobyl-4 reactor less than a minute after 21:23:00 UTC on April 25, 1986, have since then been the subject of sprawling interpretations. This paper renders the following hypothesis. The first explosion consisted of thermal neutron mediated nuclear explosions in one or rather a few fuel channels, which caused a jet of debris that reached an altitude of some 2500 to 3000 m. The second explosion would then have been the steam explosion most experts believe was the first one. The solid support for this new scenario rests on two pillars and three pieces of corroborating evidence. The first pillar is that a group at the V. G. Khlopin Radium Institute in then Leningrad on April 29, 1986, detected newly produced, or fresh, xenon fission products at Cherepovets, 370 km north of Moscow and far away from the major track of Chernobyl debris ejected by the steam explosion and subsequent fires. The second pillar is built on state-of-the-art meteorological dispersion calculations, which show that the fresh xenon signature observed at Cherepovets was only possible if the injection altitude of the fresh debris was considerably higher than that of the bulk reactor core releases that turned toward Scandinavia and central Europe. These two strong pieces of evidence are corroborated by what were manifest physical effects of a downward jet in the southeastern part of the reactor, by seismic measurements some 100 km west of the reactor, and by observations of a blue flash above the reactor a few seconds after the first explosion.
|
|
