| 1. |
- Grände, Per-Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Aktivt induceret hypotermi efter svaer traumatisk hjerneskade.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Ugeskrift for Læger. - 0041-5782. ; 172:19, s. 1437-1440
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A Cochrane metaanalysis and a study performed on children have recently confirmed that therapeutic hypothermia does not improve outcome after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI is not comparable to a short episode of global ischemia, where therapeutic hypothermia has been shown to improve outcome. The difference may be explained by the fact that hypothermia-induced stress after a traumatic brain injury reduces cerebral perfusion in the penumbra zone, where local circulation is already reduced. Thus, to date there is no indication for therapeutic hypothermia in TBI patients.
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| 2. |
- Grände, Per-Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Osmotherapy in brain edema: a questionable therapy.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 1537-1921 .- 0898-4921. ; 24:4, s. 407-412
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the fact that it has been used since the 1960s in diseases associated with brain edema and has been investigated in >150 publications on head injury, very little has been published on the outcome of osmotherapy. We can only speculate whether osmotherapy improves outcome, has no effect on outcome, or leads to worse outcome. Here we describe the action and potentially beneficial and adverse effects of the 2 most commonly used osmotic solutions, mannitol and hypertonic saline, and present some critical aspects of their use. There is a well-documented transient intracranial pressure (ICP)-reducing effect of osmotherapy, but an adverse rebound increase in ICP after its withdrawal has been discussed extensively in the literature and is an expected pathophysiological phenomenon. From side effects related to renal and pulmonary failure, electrolyte disturbances, and a rebound increase in ICP, osmotherapy can be negative for outcome, which may explain why we lack scientific support for its use. These drawbacks, and the fact that the most recent Cochrane meta-analyses of osmotherapy in brain edema and stroke could not find any beneficial effects on outcome, make routine use of osmotherapy in brain edema doubtful. Nevertheless, the use of osmotherapy as a temporary measure may be justified to acutely prevent brain stem compression until other measures, such as evacuation of space-occupying lesions or decompressive craniotomy, can be performed. This article is the Con part in a Pro-Con debate in the present journal on the general routine use of osmotherapy in brain edema.
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| 3. |
- Kristiansson, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring Elevated Intracranial Pressure through Noninvasive Methods: A Review of the Literature.
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology. - 1537-1921. ; 25:4, s. 372-385
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is an important cause of secondary brain injury, and a measurement of ICP is often of crucial value in neurosurgical and neurological patients. The gold standard for ICP monitoring is through an intraventricular catheter, but this invasive technique is associated with certain risks. Intraparenchymal ICP monitoring methods are considered to be a safer alternative but can, in certain conditions, be imprecise due to zero drift and still require an invasive procedure. An accurate noninvasive method to measure elevated ICP would therefore be desirable. This article is a review of the current literature on noninvasive methods for measuring and evaluating elevated ICP. The main focus is on studies that compare noninvasively measured ICP with invasively measured ICP. The aim is to provide an overview of the current state of the most common noninvasive techniques available. Several methods for noninvasive measuring of elevated ICP have been proposed: radiologic methods including computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, transcranial Doppler, electroencephalography power spectrum analysis, and the audiological and ophthalmological techniques. The noninvasive methods have many advantages, but remain less accurate compared with the invasive techniques. None of the noninvasive techniques available today are suitable for continuous monitoring, and they cannot be used as a substitute for invasive monitoring. They can, however, provide a reliable measurement of the ICP and be useful as screening methods in select patients, especially when invasive monitoring is contraindicated or unavailable.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Lundin, Fredrik, 1968-
(författare)
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Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus : Aspects on Pathophysiology, Clinical Characteristics and Evaluation Methods
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Introduction. Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a condition with enlargement of the cerebral ventricular system and an intracranial pressure (ICP) within normal limits. Cerebrospinal fluid circulation is disturbed but the mechanisms behind the symptoms: gait and balance difficulties, cognitive dysfunction and micturition problems, are as yet mostly unexplained.Aim. In Studies I and II the aim was to investigate cerebral metabolism in the frontal deep white matter (FDWM) and the thalamus in iNPH using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) before and after shunt surgery and to compare this with healthy individuals (HI). In Study III the aim was, by use of actigraphy, to measure motor function, energy expenditure and resting/sleeping time in iNPH patients before and after shunt surgery, in comparison with HI. In Study IV the aim was to study postural function using computerised dynamic posturography (CDP) before and after shunt surgery as well as in comparison with HI.Patients and Methods. In all studies the patients had a neurological examination and baseline bedside assessments of motor, balance and cognitive function were performed. Motor function was assessed using a motor score (MOS) consisting of the following items: 10 metre walk time in seconds and number of steps and TUG time in seconds and number of steps. MOS was considered significant if there was an increase of 5% or more. The HI were also tested for motor, balance and cognitive function. In Study I the patients (n=16) and the HI (n=15) were examined with MRS (absolute quantification) with voxels placed in the thalamus and in FDWM and compared with one another. In Studies III and IV the preoperative results of actigraphy and CDP respectively in patients (Study III n=33; study IV n=35) were compared with the HI: Study III, n=17; Study IV, n=16. The HI performed these examinations twice and the average was calculated. In Study II, 14 patients, and in Studies III and IV, 20 patients underwent shunt surgery and new MRS/actigraphy/CDP examinations were performed three months postoperatively and compared with the preoperative results.Results. In the patients decreased total N-acetyl compounds (tNA) and N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) were found in the thalamus compared to the HI. No metabolic differences were seen in the FDWM between the groups. Postoperatively there were no metabolic changes in the thalamus but an increased total Choline (tCho) and a borderline significant decrease in myo-inositol (mIns).During the day the patients took fewer steps and had also lower total energy expenditure (TEE) than the HI. There was no difference concerning resting/sleeping time between patients and the HI. Postoperatively there were no differences of either number of steps, TEE or time spent resting or sleeping compared with the preoperative state. Postural function was worse in the patients compared to the HI, this difference being more pronounced in tests measuring vestibular function, where loss of balance (LOB) was frequent. There was only a slight improvement in balance after shunt surgery. A positive response to the shunt operation was seen in 86% in Study II, 85% in Study III and 90% in Study IV.Conclusions. Our results suggest that the thalamus may be involved in the pathogenesis of iNPH. In contrast to others, we did not find any metabolic abnormalities in the FDWM, nor detect an increment of tNA or NAA postoperatively in the thalamus. The postoperative increase in tCho and borderline decrease in mIns in the FDWM might reflect a state of metabolic recovery since high tCho, a major component of the cell membrane, may be a sign of increased membrane turnover, and a decrease in mIns may indicate diminished gliosis.The low gait capacity seen in the iNPH patients was not surprising but well that time spent resting/sleeping did not differ from the HI. Another unexpected finding was the unchanged ambulatory activity after shunt surgery despite improvement in a point test to determine capacity to walk a short distance. We believe this could be due to strong habits that are difficult to break and/or shortage of rehabilitation after surgery.There was a profound postural dysfunction in the patients with many falls, especially in test situations intended to measure vestibular function. This implies that there is a central vestibular disturbance. The discrete improvement in postural function postoperatively was lower than previously reported.
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| 6. |
- Rasmussen, Rune, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of continuous prostacyclin infusion on regional blood flow and cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid haemorrhage: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
- 2012
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Ingår i: Trials. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1745-6215. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: One of the main causes of mortality and morbidity following subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is the development of cerebral vasospasm, a frequent complication arising in the weeks after the initial bleeding. Despite extensive research, to date no effective treatment of vasospasm exists. Prostacyclin is a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation. In vitro models have shown a relaxing effect of prostacyclin after induced contraction in cerebral arteries, and a recent pilot trial showed a positive effect on cerebral vasospasm in a clinical setting. No randomised, clinical trials have been conducted, investigating the possible pharmacodynamic effects of prostacyclin on the human brain following SAH. Methods: This trial is a single-centre, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel group, blinded, clinical, pilot trial. A total of 90 patients with SAH will be randomised to one of three intervention arms: epoprostenol 1 ng/kg/min, epoprostenol 2 ng/kg/min or placebo in addition to standard treatment. Trial medication will start day 5 after SAH and continue to day 10. The primary outcome measure is changes in regional cerebral blood flow from baseline in the arterial territories of the anterior cerebral artery, medial cerebral artery and the posterior cerebral artery, measured by CT perfusion scan. The secondary outcomes will be vasospasm measured by CT angiography, ischaemic parameters measured by brain microdialysis, flow velocities in the medial cerebral artery, clinical parameters and outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale) at 3 months.
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| 7. |
- Reinstrup, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Cerebral Blood Flow and Transcranial Doppler Sonography Measurements of CO(2)-Reactivity in Acute Traumatic Brain Injured Patients.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Neurocritical Care. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1541-6933 .- 1556-0961. ; 20:1, s. 54-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements are helpful in managing patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), and testing the cerebrovascular reactivity to CO(2) provides information about injury severity and outcome. The complexity and potential hazard of performing CBF measurements limits routine clinical use. An alternative approach is to measure the CBF velocity using bedside, non-invasive, and transcranial Doppler (TCD) sonography. This study was performed to investigate if TCD is a useful alternative to CBF in patients with severe TBI. METHOD: CBF and TCD flow velocity measurements and cerebrovascular reactivity to hypocapnia were simultaneously evaluated in 27 patients with acute TBI. Measurements were performed preoperatively during controlled normocapnia and hypocapnia in patients scheduled for hematoma evacuation under general anesthesia. MAIN FINDING AND CONCLUSION: Although the lack of statistical correlation between the calculated reactivity indices, there was a significant decrease in TCD-mean flow velocity and a decrease in CBF with hypocapnia. CBF and TCD do not seem to be directly interchangeable in determining CO(2)-reactivity in TBI, despite both methods demonstrating deviation in the same direction during hypocapnia. TCD and CBF measurements both provide useful information on cerebrovascular events which, although not interchangeable, may complement each other in clinical scenarios.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Rundgren, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Serial soluble neurofilament heavy chain in plasma as a marker of brain injury after cardiac arrest
- 2012
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Ingår i: Critical Care. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1364-8535. ; 16:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Induced hypothermia has been shown to improve outcome after cardiac arrest, but early prognostication is hampered by the need for sedation. Here we tested whether a biomarker for neurodegeneration, the neurofilament heavy chain (NfH), may improve diagnostic accuracy in the first days after cardiac arrest. Methods: This prospective study included 90 consecutive patients treated with hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Plasma levels of phosphorylated NfH (SMI35) were quantified using standard ELISA over a period of 72 h after cardiac arrest. The primary outcome was the dichotomized Cerebral Performance Categories scale (CPC). A best CPC 1-2 during 6 months follow-up was considered a good outcome, a best CPC of 3-4 a poor outcome. Receiver operator characteristics and area under the curve were calculated. Results: The median age of the patients was 65 years, and 63 (70%) were male. A cardiac aetiology was identified in 62 cases (69%). 77 patients (86%) had out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The outcome was good in 48 and poor in 42 patients. Plasma NfH levels were significantly higher 2 and 36 hours after cardiac arrest in patients with poor outcome (median 0.28 ng/mL and 0.5 ng/mL, respectively) compared to those with good outcome (0 ng/mL, p = 0.016, p < 0.005, respectively). The respective AUC were 0.72 and 0.71. Conclusions: Plasma NfH levels correlate to neurological prognosis following cardiac arrest. In this study, 15 patients had neurological co-morbidities and there was a considerable overlap of data. As such, neurofilament should not be used for routine neuroprognostication until more data are available.
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| 10. |
- Sandestig, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Therapeutic Hypothermia in Children and Adults with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Therapeutic hypothermia and temperature management. - : Mary Ann Liebert Inc. - 2153-7933 .- 2153-7658. ; 4:1, s. 10-20
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Great expectations have been raised about neuroprotection of therapeutic hypothermia in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) by analogy with its effects after heart arrest, neonatal asphyxia, and drowning in cold water. The aim of this study is to review our present knowledge of the effect of therapeutic hypothermia on outcome in children and adults with severe TBI. A literature search for relevant articles in English published from year 2000 up to December 2013 found 19 studies. No signs of improvement in outcome from hypothermia were seen in the five pediatric studies. Varied results were reported in 14 studies on adult patients, 2 of which reported a tendency of higher mortality and worse neurological outcome, 4 reported lower mortality, and 9 reported favorable neurological outcome with hypothermia. The quality of several trials was low. The best-performed randomized studies showed no improvement in outcome by hypothermia-some even indicated worse outcome. TBI patients may suffer from hypothermia-induced pulmonary and coagulation side effects, from side effects of vasopressors when re-establishing the hypothermia-induced lowered blood pressure, and from a rebound increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) during and after rewarming. The difference between body temperature and temperature set by the biological thermostat may cause stress-induced worsening of the circulation and oxygenation in injured areas of the brain. These mechanisms may counteract neuroprotective effects of therapeutic hypothermia. We conclude that we still lack scientific support as a first-tier therapy for the use of therapeutic hypothermia in TBI patients for both adults and children, but it may still be an option as a second-tier therapy for refractory intracranial hypertension.
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