| 1. |
- Ainegren, Mats, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Breathing resistance in metabolic systems : Its effects on pulmonary ventilation and oxygen uptake in elite athletes with high aerobic power
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P. - : Sage Publications. - 1754-3371. ; 234:3, s. 217-226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to investigate the effects on pulmonary ventilation and oxygen uptake ( (V) over dot athletes with a very high maximal oxygen uptake (V) over dotO(2)max) and corresponding high ventilation capacity when using a modern metabolic system with relatively high resistance to breathing (HIGH(RES)), compared to a traditional system with low resistance to breathing (LOWRES). Four rowers and three cross-country skiers (without asthma), competing at a high international level, performed in experimental conditions with LOWRE (S)and HIGH(RES) using a rowing ergometer and roller skis on a treadmill. The results showed that (V) over dotO(2), blood lactate, heart rate and respiratory exchange ratio were not different between the LOWRES and HIGH(RES) test conditions during both submaximal and maximal exercise. Also, the athlete's time to exhaustion (treadmill) and mean power (rowing ergometer) from maximal tests were no different between the two conditions. However, ventilation and expiratory O-2 and CO2 concentrations were different for both submaximal and maximal exercise. Thus, the authors have concluded that the differences in resistance to breathing of metabolic systems influence elite endurance athletes (V) over dot(E)at low to very high workloads, thus affecting the expired gas fractions, but not the submaximal (V) over dotO(2), (V) over dotO(2)maxand performance in a laboratory setting at sea level.
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| 2. |
- Klitgaard, Kent K, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of Leg Push Forces and Their Relationship to Velocity in On-Water Sprint Kayaking.
- 2021
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Ingår i: Sensors. - : MDPI. - 1424-8220. ; 21:20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this work was to describe the leg-muscle-generated push force characteristics in sprint kayak paddlers for females and males on water. Additionally, the relationship between leg pushing force characteristics and velocity was investigated. Twenty-eight paddlers participated in the study. The participants had five minutes of self-chosen warm-up and were asked to paddle at three different velocities, including maximal effort. Left- and right-side leg extension force were collected together with velocity. Linear regression analyses were performed with leg extension force characteristics as independent variables and velocity as the dependent variable. A second linear regression analysis investigated the effect of paddling velocity on different leg extension force characteristics with an explanatory model. The results showed that the leg pushing force elicits a sinus-like pattern, increasing and decreasing throughout the stroke cycle. Impulse over 10 s showed the highest correlation to maximum velocity (r = 0.827, p < 0.01), while a strong co-correlation was observed between the impulse per stroke cycle and mean force (r = 0.910, p < 0.01). The explanatory model results revealed that an increase in paddling velocity is, among other factors, driven by increased leg force. Maximal velocity could predict 68% of the paddlers' velocity within 1 km/h with peak leg force, impulse over 10 s, and stroke rate (p-value < 0.001, adjusted R-squared = 0.8). Sprint kayak paddlers elicit a strong positive relationship between leg pushing forces and velocity. The results confirm that sprint kayakers' cyclic leg movement is a key part of the kayaking technique.
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| 3. |
- Olsson, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Are heart rate methods based on ergometer cycling and level treadmill walking interchangeable?
- 2020
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 15:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction. The heart rate (HR) method is a promising approach for evaluating oxygen uptake (V̇O2), energy demands and exercise intensities in different forms of physical activities. It would be valuable if the HR method, established on ergometer cycling, is interchangeable with other regular activities, such as level walking. This study therefore aimed to examine the interchangeability of the HR method when estimating V̇O2 for ergometer cycling and level treadmill walking in submaximal conditions. Methods. Two models of HR-V̇O2 regression equations for cycle ergometer exercise (CEE) and treadmill exercise (TE) were established with 34 active commuters. Model 1 consisted of three submaximal intensities of ergometer cycling or level walking, model 2 included also one additional workload of maximal ergometer cycling or running. The regression equations were used for estimating V̇O2 with seven individual HR values based on 25-85% of HR reserve (HRR). The V̇O2 estimations were compared between CEE and TE, within and between each model. Results. Only minor, and in most cases non-significant, average differences were observed when comparing the estimated V̇O2 levels between CEE and TE. Model 1 ranged from -0.4 to 4.8% (n.s.) between 25-85 %HRR. In model 2, the differences between 25-65 %HRR ranged from 1.3 to -2.7% (n.s.). At the two highest intensities, 75 and 85 %HRR, V̇O2 was slightly lower (3.7%, 4.4%; P < 0.05), for CEE than TE. The inclusion of maximal exercise in the HR-V̇O2 relationships reduced the individual V̇O2 variations between the two exercise modalities. Conclusion. The HR methods, based on submaximal ergometer cycling and level walking, are interchangeable for estimating mean V̇O2 levels between 25-85% of HRR. Essentially, the same applies when adding maximal exercise in the HR-V̇O2 relationships. The inter-individual V̇O2 variation between ergometer cycling and treadmill exercise is reduced when using the HR method based on both submaximal and maximal workloads.
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| 4. |
- Olsson, Karin Sofia Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Interchangeability and optimization of heart rate methods for estimating oxygen uptake in ergometer cycling, level treadmill walking and running.
- 2022
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Ingår i: BMC Medical Research Methodology. - : BioMed Central. - 1471-2288. ; 22:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The heart rate (HR) method enables estimating oxygen uptake (V̇O2) in physical activities. However, there is a paucity in knowledge about the interchangeability of this method when applied to cycling, walking and running. Furthermore, with the aim of optimization, there is a need to compare different models for establishing HR-V̇O2 relationships.METHODS: Twenty-four physically active individuals (12 males and 12 females) participated. For each participant, two models of HR-V̇O2 relationships were individually established in ergometer cycling, level treadmill walking and running. Model 1 consisted of five submaximal workloads, whereas model 2 included also a maximal workload. Linear regression equations were used to estimate V̇O2 at seven intensity levels ranging between 25 and 85% of heart rate reserve (HRR). The estimated V̇O2 levels were compared between the exercise modalities and models, as well as with data from a previous study.RESULTS: A high level of resemblance in estimated V̇O2 was noted between running and cycling as well as between running and walking, with both model 1 and model 2. When comparing walking and cycling, the V̇O2 levels for given intensities of %HRR were frequently slightly higher in walking with both models (range of significant differences: 5-12%). The variations of the estimated individual V̇O2 values were reduced when using model 2 compared to model 1, both between and within the exercise modalities.CONCLUSION: The HR method is optimized by more workloads and wider ranges. This leads to overall high levels of interchangeability when HR methods are applied in ergometer cycling, level treadmill walking and running.
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| 5. |
- Olsson, Karin Sofia Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Perceived exertion can be lower when exercising in field versus indoors
- 2024
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 19:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Studies indicate that the rated perceived exertion (RPE) during physical exercise can be lower in field environments than indoors. The environmental conditions of those studies are explored. Furthermore, we study if the same phenomenon is valid when cycling indoors versus in cycle commuting environments with high levels of stimuli from both traffic and suburban-urban elements. Methods: Twenty commuter cyclists underwent measurements of heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake (V̇O2) and RPE assessments for breathing and legs, respectively, while cycling in both laboratory and field conditions. A validated mobile metabolic system was used in the field to measure V̇O2. Three submaximal cycle ergometer workloads in the laboratory were used to establish linear regression equations between RPE and % of HR reserve (%HRR) and %V̇O2max, separately. Based on these equations, RPE from the laboratory was predicted and compared with RPE levels at the participants’ individual cycle commutes at equal intensities. The same approach was used to predict field intensities and for comparisons with corresponding measured intensities at equal RPE levels. Results: The predicted RPE levels based on the laboratory cycling were significantly higher than the RPE levels in cycle commuting at equal intensities (67% of HRR; 65% of V̇O2max). For breathing, the mean RPE levels were; 14.0-14.2 in the laboratory and 12.6 in the field. The corresponding levels for legs were; 14.0-14.2 and 11.5. The range of predicted field intensities in terms of %HRR and %V̇O2max was 46-56%, which corresponded to median differences of 19-30% compared to the measured intensities in field at equal RPE. Conclusion: The cycle commuters perceived a lower exertion during their cycle commutes compared to ergometer cycling in a laboratory at equal exercise intensities. This may be due to a higher degree of external stimuli in field, although influences from other possible causes cannot be ruled out.
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| 6. |
- Petré, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Between-Session Reliability of Strength- and Power-Related Variables Obtained during Isometric Leg Press and Countermovement Jump in Elite Female Ice Hockey Players.
- 2023
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Ingår i: Sports. - : MDPI. - 2075-4663. ; 11:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Isometric leg press (ILP) and countermovement jump (CMJ) are commonly used to obtain strength- and power-related variables with important implications for health maintenance and sports performance. To enable the identification of true changes in performance with these measurements, the reliability must be known. This study evaluates the between-session reliability of strength- and power-related measures obtained from ILP and CMJ. Thirteen female elite ice hockey players (21.5 ± 5.1 years; 66.3 ± 8.0 kg) performed three maximal ILPs and CMJs on two different occasions. Variables from the ILP (peak force and peak rate of force development) and CMJ (peak power, peak force, peak velocity, and peak jump height) were obtained. The results were reported using the best trial, an average of the two best trials, or an average of three trials. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV) were high (ICC > 0.97; CV < 5.2%) for all outcomes. The CV for the CMJ (1.5-3.2%) was lower than that for the ILP (3.4-5.2%). There were no differences between reporting the best trial, an average of the two best trials, or an average of the three trials for the outcomes. ILP and CMJ are highly reliable when examining strength- and power-related variables in elite female ice hockey players.
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| 7. |
- Petré, Henrik
(författare)
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Concurrent training for elite team sport athletes
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Most team sports consist of elements that require both a high level of strength and aerobic endurance. Because of these demands a combination of resistance and endurance training (concurrent training) is an integrated part of their weekly training program. Concurrent training can be defined as the implementation of resistance and endurance training in parallel within the same training program to develop both capacities simultaneously. Despite the wide range of benefits of concurrent training, there is evidence that adding endurance training to a resistance training protocol can compromise strength development. The underlying cause has recently started to be clarified, with substantial evidence suggesting that the design of the training program and inter-individual differences play a crucial role in determining the effect of concurrent training on strength performance. It has been suggested that the training status may have an independent influence on the results during concurrent training. Thus, it is important to acknowledge that the scientific literature on concurrent training for elite team sport athletes is very scarce, especially in females. The primary aim of this thesis was therefore to investigate the effect of concurrent training on elite team sport athletes with both sexes represented. This was done by performing one systematic review with meta-analysis and three experimental studies.Study I is a review study addressing the effect of training status on strength development during concurrent training and the effect of same-session and different sessions of concurrent training. The result from this study suggests that adding endurance training to a resistance training protocol impairs lower-body maximal dynamic strength development in trained individuals but not in moderately trained or untrained. The data also show that the impairment appears to increase if concurrent training is performed within the same session. Given these findings, the focus of study II was to investigate the impact of intrasession exercise order during same-session concurrent training in elite team sport athletes. In this study, we show that high-intensity interval training before resistance training reduces power output during resistance training but does not impair maximal strength or power development during a 7-week training intervention. The focus of study III was to examine the reliability of isometric leg press and countermovement jump, two commonly used measurements when assessing strength- and power-related variables in elite team sport athletes. In this study, we demonstrate that isometric leg press and countermovement jump are highly reliable measurements when examining strength- and power-related variables.The findings from study II showed that a reduction in resistance training performance (power output) during same-session concurrent training was visible only when high-intensity interval training was performed before resistance training (study II). The focus of study IV was therefore to investigate the effect of different recovery periods following high-intensity interval training on strength and explosive performance during a power training session in elite team sport athletes. Since isometric leg press and countermovement jump were shown in study III to be highly reliable measurements when assessing strength- and power-related variables in elite team sport athletes, these measurements were used in study IV. In study IV, we demonstrated that high-intensity interval training 10 min prior to power training impairs strength and explosive performance. However, the impairment was no longer present 6 and 24 hours after high-intensity interval training.In conclusion, the present thesis shows that trained individuals are sensitive to concurrent training, and that adding high-intensity interval training prior to resistance training compromises strength and explosive performance during the resistance training session in elite team sport athletes. However, the reduction in training performance does not seem to translate to reduced strength or power development during shorter training periods (<7-weeks). The findings from the present thesis also show that the reduction in training performance can be reduced by performing the resistance training session first or by allowing at least a 6-hour recovery period between sessions. The findings from this thesis provide a foundation for an evidence-based approach when organizing training to enhance performance in elite team sport athletes, and for future work to further examine the effect of concurrent training on this population.
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| 8. |
- Petré, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Development of Maximal Dynamic Strength During Concurrent Resistance and Endurance Training in Untrained, Moderately Trained, and Trained Individuals : A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
- 2021
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Ingår i: Sports Medicine. - : Springer. - 0112-1642 .- 1179-2035. ; 51:5, s. 991-1010
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The effect of concurrent training on the development of maximal strength is unclear, especially in individuals with different training statuses.OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis study was to compare the effect of concurrent resistance and endurance training with that of resistance training only on the development of maximal dynamic strength in untrained, moderately trained, and trained individuals.METHODS: On the basis of the predetermined criteria, 27 studies that compared effects between concurrent and resistance training only on lower-body 1-repetition maximum (1RM) strength were included. The effect size (ES), calculated as the standardised difference in mean, was extracted from each study, pooled, and analysed with a random-effects model.RESULTS: The 1RM for leg press and squat exercises was negatively affected by concurrent training in trained individuals (ES = - 0.35, p < 0.01), but not in moderately trained ( - 0.20, p = 0.08) or untrained individuals (ES = 0.03, p = 0.87) as compared to resistance training only. A subgroup analysis revealed that the negative effect observed in trained individuals occurred only when resistance and endurance training were conducted within the same training session (ES same session = - 0.66, p < 0.01 vs. ES different sessions = - 0.10, p = 0.55).CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the novel and quantifiable effects of training status on lower-body strength development and shows that the addition of endurance training to a resistance training programme may have a negative impact on lower-body strength development in trained, but not in moderately trained or untrained individuals. This impairment seems to be more pronounced when training is performed within the same session than in different sessions. Trained individuals should therefore consider separating endurance from resistance training during periods where the development of dynamic maximal strength is prioritised.
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| 9. |
- Petré, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of the Intrasession Exercise Order of Flywheel Resistance and High-Intensity Interval Training on Maximal Strength and Power Performance in Elite Team-Sport Athletes.
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. - : Wolters Kluwer. - 1064-8011 .- 1533-4287. ; 37:12, s. 2389-2396
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aimed to investigate the effect of intrasession exercise order of maximal effort flywheel resistance training (RT; 436 repetitions [rep]) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT, 2–438 rep of 20 second at 130% of Watt atV̇O2max [wV̇O2max]), on the development of maximal strength and power in elite team-sport athletes. A 7-week training intervention involving 2 training sessions per week of either HIIT followed by RT (HIIT + RT, n 5 8), RT followed by HIIT (RT + HIIT, n 5 8), or RTalone (RT, n 5 7) was conducted in 23 elite male bandy players (24.7 6 4.3 years). Power and work were continuously measured during the flywheel RT. Isometric squat strength (ISq), countermovement jump, squat jump, and V̇O2max were measured before and after the training period. Power output during training differed between the groups (p 5 0.013, h2p5 0.365) with RT producing more power than HIIT + RT (p 5 0.005). ISq improved following RT + HIIT (;80%, d 5 2.10, p 5 0.001) and following HIIT + RT(;40%, d 5 1.64, p 5 0.005), and RT alone (;70%, d 5 1.67, p 5 0.004). V̇O2max increased following RT + HIIT and HIIT + RT(;10%, d51.98, p50.001 resp. d52.08, p50.001). HIIT before RT reduced power output during RT in elite team-sport athletes but did not lead to blunted development of maximal strength or power after a 7-week training period. During longer training periods(.7-weeks), it may be advantageous to schedule RT before HIIT because the negative effect of HIIT + RT on training quality increased during the final weeks of training. In addition, the largest training effect on maximal strength was observed following RT +HIIT.
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| 10. |
- Petré, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of different recovery periods following a very intense interval training session on strength and explosive performance during a power training session in elite female ice hockey players
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. - : Wolters Kluwer. - 1064-8011 .- 1533-4287.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates how different recovery periods after high-intensity interval training (HIIT) affects strength and explosive performance during a power training (PT) session. Fifteen female elite ice hockey players (22.5 ± 5.2 years) performed PT, including 6 sets of 2 repetitions (reps) of isometric leg press (ILP) and 6 sets of 3 reps of countermovement jump (CMJ), following a rested state and 10 minutes, 6 hours, or 24 hours after HIIT (3 sets of 8 × 20 seconds at 115% of power output at maximal oxygen consumption on a cycle ergometer). Peak force (PF) and peak rate of force development (pRFD) were measured during the ILP. Peak jump height (PJH), concentric phase duration (ConDur), eccentric phase duration, total duration, peak power (PP), velocity at peak power (V@PP), and force at peak power were measured during CMJ. The following variables were significantly reduced when only a 10-minute recovery period was allowed between HIIT and PT: PF was reduced by 7% (p < 0.001), pRFD by 17% (p < 0.001), PJH by 4% (p < 0.001), ConDur by 4% (p = 0.018), PP by 2% (p = 0.016), and V@PP by 2% (p = 0.007). None of the measured variables were reduced when PT was performed 6 and 24 hours after HIIT. We conclude that strength and explosive performance of elite female ice hockey players is reduced 10 minutes after HIIT but not negatively affected if a rest period of at least 6 hours is provided between HIIT and PT.
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