| 1. |
- Mishra, A, et al.
(författare)
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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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| 4. |
- af Geijerstam, Agnes, et al.
(författare)
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Fitness, strength and severity of COVID-19: a prospective register study of 1 559 187 Swedish conscripts
- 2021
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Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 11:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective To investigate the possible connection between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and muscle strength in early adulthood and severity of COVID-19 later in life. Design Prospective registry-based cohort study. Participants 1 559 187 Swedish men, undergoing military conscription between 1968 and 2005 at a mean age of 18.3 (SD 0.73) years. Main outcome measures Hospitalisation, intensive care or death due to COVID-19 from March to September 2020, in relation to CRF and muscle strength. Results High CRF in late adolescence and early adulthood had a protective association with severe COVID-19 later in life with OR (95% CI) 0.76 (0.67 to 0.85) for hospitalisation (n=2 006), 0.61 (0.48 to 0.78) for intensive care (n=445) and 0.56 (0.37 to 0.85) for mortality (n=149), compared with the lowest category of CRF. The association remains unchanged when controlled for body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, chronic diseases and parental education level at baseline, and incident cardiovascular disease before 2020. Moreover, lower muscle strength in late adolescence showed a linear association with a higher risk of all three outcomes when controlled for BMI and height. Conclusions Physical fitness at a young age is associated with severity of COVID-19 many years later. This underscores the necessity to increase the general physical fitness of the population to offer protection against future viral pandemics.
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| 5. |
- Blomberg, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Chronic Airflow Limitation, Emphysema and Impaired Diffusing Capacity in Relation to Smoking Habits in a Swedish Middle-Aged Population.
- 2024
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Ingår i: Annals of the American Thoracic Society. - 2329-6933 .- 2325-6621.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- RATIONALE: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes respiratory symptoms and chronic airflow limitation (CAL). In some cases, emphysema and impaired diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) are present, but characteristics and symptoms vary with smoking exposure.OBJECTIVES: To study the prevalence of CAL, emphysema and impaired DLCO in relation to smoking and respiratory symptoms in a middle-aged population.METHODS: We investigated 28,746 randomly invited individuals (52% women) aged 50-64 years across six Swedish sites. We performed spirometry, DLCO, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and asked for smoking habits and respiratory symptoms. CAL was defined as post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second divided by forced expiratory volume (FEV1/FVC)<0.7.RESULTS: The overall prevalence was for CAL 8.8%, for impaired DLCO (DLCOCONCLUSIONS: In this large population-based study of middle-aged people, CAL and impaired DLCO were associated with common respiratory symptoms. Self-reported asthma was not associated with CAL in never-smokers. Our findings suggest that CAL in never-smokers signifies a separate clinical phenotype that may be monitored and, possibly, treated differently from smoking-related COPD. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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| 6. |
- Bramsved, Rebecka, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Birth Weight, Childhood and Young Adult Overweight, and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Men.
- 2024
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Ingår i: Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. - 1524-4636. ; 44:1, s. 314-321
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Low birth weight is a known risk factor for adult coronary heart disease (CHD), but the additional effect of weight development during childhood and early adult life has not been studied.We included 35659 men born 1945 to 1961 from the population-based BMI Epidemiology Study Gothenburg, with data available on birthweight, BMI in childhood (8 years), and BMI in young adulthood (20 years). Information on CHD diagnoses was retrieved from national registers. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate hazard ratios and 95% CIs for the risk of early and late CHD (before and after 58.4 years of age, respectively).During follow-up, a total of 3380 cases of CHD (fatal and nonfatal) were registered. Birth weight was inversely associated with the risk of both early (hazard ratio, 0.88 per SD increase [95% CI, 0.84-0.92]) and late (hazard ratio, 0.94 per SD increase [95% CI, 0.90-0.98]) CHD, independently of BMI at 8 years and BMI change during puberty. In a model including birth weight (below or above the median) together with overweight at 8 and 20 years, only birth weight and young adult overweight, but not overweight in childhood, were significantly associated with the risk of CHD. A birth weight below the median, followed by overweight at 20 years of age was associated with a more than doubled risk of early CHD (hazard ratio, 2.29 [95% CI, 1.86-2.81]), compared with the reference (birth weight above the median and normal weight at 20 years of age). This excess risk was even more pronounced for a birthweight below 2.5 kg.We demonstrate that low birth weight and young adult overweight are important developmental markers of risk for adult CHD. These findings motivate a life course perspective for prevention and risk assessment of adult CHD.
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| 7. |
- Bygdell, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Birth weight and young adult body mass index for predicting the risk of developing adult heart failure in men.
- 2022
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Ingår i: European journal of preventive cardiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2047-4881 .- 2047-4873. ; 29:6, s. 971-978
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hospitalizations for heart failure among young adults and middle-aged individuals have increased. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the association between birth weight and risk of adult heart failure and the importance of change from low birth weight to overweight/obesity at young adulthood.We used the population-based body mass index (BMI) Epidemiology Study cohort Gothenburg (n=35659) with birth weight and young adult BMI (20years) available from child healthcare records, school health records, and military conscription register for men born 1945-1961. The cohort includes all children who finished school, which was mandatory, in Gothenburg, Sweden. Information on heart failure diagnosis was retrieved from the National Patient Register and the Cause of Death Register (n=415). In cox regression analyses, there was an inverse association between birth weight and risk of heart failure [hazard ratio (HR) 0.83 per standard deviation (SD), 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76-0.90], and a direct association for young adult BMI (HR 1.48 per SD, 95% CI 1.36-1.61). Of note, individuals with birth weight in the lowest tertile, who were overweight/obese in young adulthood had a five-fold risk of heart failure (HR 4.95, 95% CI 3.36-7.31) compared with individuals in the middle birth weight tertile who were normal weight at 20years.Birth weight was inversely associated with the risk of hospitalization due to heart failure. The combination of low birth weight and overweight/obesity in young adulthood results in excess risk of heart failure beyond that of low birth weight or young adult overweight/obesity separately. These findings indicate the need of a life course perspective in heart failure prevention and risk assessment.
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| 8. |
- Gorgis, Mirey, 1982-
(författare)
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Allt är våld! : En undersökning av det moderna våldsbegreppet
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study critically examines the intense scholarly interest in violence of recent decades. Consequently, the thesis' main objective is to is to answer two questions in particular: why violence? and why now? First and foremost, this objective is pursued through three separate but interrelated studies. Prior to these, the thesis sets out to affirm the importance of Marquis de Sade and Michel Foucault in thinking violence. First, it is in the literary works of the Marquis de Sade, rather than in Machiavelli or Hobbes, that we find the first traces of a conceptual understanding of violence. Second, drawing on de Sade, it is Foucault who provides the fertile ground from which the field of contemporary violence studies basically springs – in spite of the fact that he himself never devoted any special studies to violence, nor actually developed a specific concept of violence. Part 1, “Literature”, provides a brief overview of the contemporary study of violence as well as a discussion of two thoroughly influential texts in the field: Hannah Arendt’s On Violence (1970) and Giorgio Agamben’s “On the Limits of Violence” (1970). This part surveys the questions of violence specifically posed within the field, with the further purpose of identifying and dissecting common tropes and recurring arguments important to its formation. I make the claim that two notions in particular are utilized to construct violence as a new field of knowledge: the notion of technology and the notion of history. Part 2, “Experience”, consists of a historical interlude in which one of the objectives is to put the hypothesis of the presumably transhistorical and immutable nature of human violence to the test. This is achieved by a close reading of the philosophical texts of Plato as well as the histories of Herodotus and Thucydides. In this part I argue that, in a strict sense, there is no true concept of violence as such in classical Greek antiquity. Instead, we find a multiplicity of embryonic “pre-concepts” that, unlike the various concepts of today, are thought entirely on the basis of relations, rather than on the basis of the objects of violence. The question of violence in classical Greece is, in short, approached in terms of who? rather than what? – pointing toward a promising possibility still open for exploration today. Part 3, “Concepts”, returns to the European discussions of the 1960s and 1970s investigated in part 1, but rather than examining the questions of immediate concern in the respective texts of the period, I approach today’s heightened interest in violence in light of a set of overarching problems, such as the risk of atomic annihilation, political unrest, the fear of propaganda, and brain washing. By way of these problems, I show that, running counter to the philosophical sources on which it draws, the contemporary concept of violence achieves a surreptitious re- institution of the substantial and autonomous subject otherwise believed to be dead. In conclusion, the paradoxical function of the contemporary concept of violence is thus to allow for the return of the kind of subject relentlessly attacked by the radical European thought of the 1960s and 1970s, the same thought which allowed for the invention of the concept in the first place. In this sense our age, in which, it would appear, “everything is violence”, is also an age where a kind of “bia-centrism” provides us, paradoxically, with the last conceptual stronghold for substantial subjects and stable identities.
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| 9. |
- Jägerskog, Ann-Sofie, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Visualising the complex and the changing : Identifying critical aspects of social science models
- 2022
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Ingår i: Earli SIG9 2022: Phenomenography and variation theory in practice. - Stockholm.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extended summaryWe live in a world that is rapidly changing and what we believe to be true today may very well be overturned tomorrow. Many of the issues raised in social studies education are characterized by changeability and complexity, such as conflicts, sustainable development, issues of justice, as well as political, social and economic processes. One common way of helping students to grasp the complex relations and the changeability involved in social studies related issues is to use models. Examples of models often used in social studies teaching are models illustrating sustainable development or political processes, as well as illustrations of the socio-economic cycle and diagrams visualizing relations between different factors in society. However, teacher experience as well as earlier research indicate that students often find it difficult to understand and interpret models (see for instance Roberts & Brugar, 2017; Jägerskog, 2020; Sundler, Dudas & Anderhag, 2017). In addition, there is a risk that these seemingly fixed models do not offer an understanding of the changeability in societal issues. The aim of this presentation is to discuss how phenomenography and variation theory (with a focus on critical aspects) can increase our understanding of how models used in social studies teaching can help students understand the complexity and changeability in societal issues. The aim is also to discuss the possible transferability of critical aspects between different kinds models used in social studies teaching. The presentation is based on a project aiming at identifying students’ understanding of two kinds of models (flowcharts and plot diagrams) often used in social studies teaching, and what students need to discern in order to develop the ability reason in a qualified way about the content illustrated. The material analysed consists of 46 recorded and transcribed small group discussions where students in year 6 and 8 in compulsory school and year 1 in upper secondary school discuss a question that concerns either a flowchart illustrating the democracy system in Sweden, a flowchart of the socio-economic cycle, a plot diagram illustrating the relationship between different countries’ GDP and level of CO2 emissions, or a plot diagram illustrating the relationship between birthrate per woman in different countries and the amount of years girls in these countries attend to school. The transcribed material was analysed using phenomenographic methods and critical aspects were identified for the four different models investigated (Marton, 2015). Results show that the critical aspects identified in part can be understood as model and content specific, but in part as model generic. This means that although two flowcharts (or two plot diagrams) illustrate different content, the aspects identified as necessary for students to discern in order to reason about the content illustrated in a qualified way, are very similar. Although similarities are especially clear between models of the same kind (i.e between two different plot diagrams or two different flowcharts), similarities can also be found between the different kinds of models (i.e between flowcharts and diagrams).This raises questions concerning the transferability of critical aspects between different kinds of models and if aspects that reoccur in relation to different models, such as aspects of changeability and complexity, could be understood as especially characteristic for social studies models. ReferencesJägerskog, A., (2020). Making possible by making visible. Learning through visual representations in social science. (Doktorsavhandling). Stockholms universitet.Marton, F. (2015). Necessary conditions of learning. Routledge.Roberts, K. L., & Brugar, K. A. (2017). The view from here: Emergence of graphical literacy. Reading Psychology, 38(8), 733-777.Sundler, M., Dudas, C. & Anderhag, P. (2017). Från missförstånd till klarhet: hur kan undervisningen organiseras för att stötta elevers förståelse för växthuseffekten? Forskning om undervisning och lärande, 5(2), 6-29.
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| 10. |
- Kindblom, Jenny, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Pubertal Body Mass Index Change Is Associated With Adult Coronary Atherosclerosis and Acute Coronary Events in Men
- 2021
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Ingår i: Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 1079-5642 .- 1524-4636. ; 41:8, s. 2318-2327
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The aim with the present study was to evaluate the association between pubertal body mass index (BMI) change and adult coronary artery calcification (CAC) score and risk of acute coronary events. Approach and Results: We included 37 672 men from the BMI Epidemiology Study and calculated their pubertal BMI change (BMI at 20 years-BMI at 8 years). Coronary artery computed tomography analysis of CAC score, midlife BMI, and major risk factors for coronary heart disease were available for a sub-cohort through linkage with the SCAPIS (Swedish Cardio Pulmonary Bioimage Study) cohort (n=922). Information on first acute coronary events was retrieved from Swedish national registers (n=37 672, events n=1873). Pubertal BMI change (odds ratio per SD increase, 1.32 [1.14-1.52]), but not childhood BMI, was associated with middle age CAC score >= 1. This association for pubertal BMI change was maintained after adjustment for midlife BMI at CAC analysis and in a model including major cardiovascular risk factors. Individuals who became overweight during puberty (hazard ratio, 2.11 [1.79-2.49]), but not those overweight at 8 years who normalized their weight during puberty, had substantially increased risk of acute coronary events compared with men who were never overweight. Among subjects with an acute coronary event, individuals with pubertal onset overweight were at increased risk of death due to the event. Conclusions: Pubertal BMI change is an independent predictor of CAC score and risk of acute coronary events in adult men. Excessive BMI increase during puberty may initiate the coronary atherosclerotic process, thereby increasing the risk and severity of adult acute coronary events.
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