| 1. |
- Broadbent, David P., et al.
(författare)
-
The impact of contextual priors and anxiety on performance effectiveness and processing efficiency in anticipation
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - Abingdon : Routledge. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 33:3, s. 589-596
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is proposed that experts are able to integrate prior contextual knowledge with emergent visual information to make complex predictive judgments about the world around them, often under heightened levels of uncertainty and extreme time constraints. However, limited knowledge exists about the impact of anxiety on the use of such contextual priors when forming our decisions. We provide a novel insight into the combined impact of contextual priors and anxiety on anticipation in soccer. Altogether, 12 expert soccer players were required to predict the actions of an oncoming opponent while viewing life-sized video simulations of 2-versus-2 defensive scenarios. Performance effectiveness and processing efficiency were measured under four conditions: no contextual priors (CP) about the action tendencies of the opponent and low anxiety (LA); no CP and high anxiety (HA); CP and LA; CP and HA. The provision of contextual priors did not affect processing efficiency, but it improved performance effectiveness on congruent trials. Anxiety negatively affected processing efficiency, but this did not affect the use of contextual priors or influence performance effectiveness. It appears that anxiety and prior contextual information impact attentional resources independent of each other. Findings are discussed with reference to current models of anticipation and anxiety. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
|
|
| 2. |
- Jack, Alison A, et al.
(författare)
-
Cellulose Nanofibril Formulations Incorporating a Low-Molecular-Weight Alginate Oligosaccharide Modify Bacterial Biofilm Development.
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Biomacromolecules. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1525-7797 .- 1526-4602. ; 20:8, s. 2953-2961
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) from wood pulp are a renewable material possessing advantages for biomedical applications because of their customizable porosity, mechanical strength, translucency, and environmental biodegradability. Here, we investigated the growth of multispecies wound biofilms on CNF formulated as aerogels and films incorporating the low-molecular-weight alginate oligosaccharide OligoG CF-5/20 to evaluate their structural and antimicrobial properties. Overnight microbial cultures were adjusted to 2.8 × 109 colony-forming units (cfu) mL-1 in Mueller Hinton broth and growth rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and Staphylococcus aureus 1061A monitored for 24 h in CNF dispersions sterilized by γ-irradiation. Two CNF formulations were prepared (20 g m-2) with CNF as air-dried films or freeze-dried aerogels, with or without incorporation of an antimicrobial alginate oligosaccharide (OligoG CF-5/20) as a surface coating or bionanocomposite, respectively. The materials were structurally characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser profilometry (LP). The antimicrobial properties of the formulations were assessed using single- and mixed-species biofilms grown on the materials and analyzed using LIVE/DEAD staining with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and COMSTAT software. OligoG-CNF suspensions significantly decreased the growth of both bacterial strains at OligoG concentrations >2.58% (P < 0.05). SEM showed that aerogel-OligoG bionanocomposite formulations had a more open three-dimensional structure, whereas LP showed that film formulations coated with OligoG were significantly smoother than untreated films or films incorporating PEG400 as a plasticizer (P < 0.05). CLSM of biofilms grown on films incorporating OligoG demonstrated altered biofilm architecture, with reduced biomass and decreased cell viability. The OligoG-CNF formulations as aerogels or films both inhibited pyocyanin production (P < 0.05). These novel CNF formulations or bionanocomposites were able to modify bacterial growth, biofilm development, and virulence factor production in vitro. These data support the potential of OligoG and CNF bionanocomposites for use in biomedical applications where prevention of infection or biofilm growth is required.
|
|
