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| 2. |
- Lindenfors, Patrik, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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The Cultural Evolution of Democracy : Saltational Changes in A Political Regime Landscape
- 2011
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - San Francisco : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 6:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transitions to democracy are most often considered the outcome of historical modernization processes. Socio-economic changes, such as increases in per capita GNP, education levels, urbanization and communication, have traditionally been found to be correlates or ‘requisites’ of democratic reform. However, transition times and the number of reform steps have not been studied comprehensively. Here we show that historically, transitions to democracy have mainly occurred through rapid leaps rather than slow and incremental transition steps, with a median time from autocracy to democracy of 2.4 years, and overnight in the reverse direction. Our results show that autocracy and democracy have acted as peaks in an evolutionary landscape of possible modes of institutional arrangements. Only scarcely have there been slow incremental transitions. We discuss our results in relation to the application of phylogenetic comparative methods in cultural evolution and point out that the evolving unit in this system is the institutional arrangement, not the individual country which is instead better regarded as the ‘host’ for the political system.
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| 3. |
- Rånge, Max, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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“Civilizations” and Political-Institutional Paths : A Sequence Analysis of the MaxRange2 Data Set, 1789 – 2013
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In what sequences have nations changed institutionally in history and does that order matter for later democratization? If so, are there historical-institutional pathways of “civilizations”? These previously neglected research problems are addressed in this paper on the basis of a new, unique, and enormous data set tracking all political institutions and systems in the world monthly since 1789. The aim is both empirical and theoretical: to take steps toward an understanding of the sequential aspects of political-institutional evolution. Results visualize sequences at regime level that show few signs of path dependency. They also show that democracy may emerge in all types of regimes, though at varying paces. Separating religious-majority nations, Muslim systems are less affected by democracy diffusion than other religious-majority nations. Muslim political systems also exhibit larger regime type unpredictability. Taken together with estimates of GDP per capita, majority religions explain a minor share of discrepancies between regime types: wealth of nations is more important than majority religion on a general, regime type diversity level. However, specifications of institutional details will have to be made in future research in this new area of historical political-institutional study.
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| 4. |
- Rånge, Max, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Windfall Gains or Eco-Innovation? 'Green' Evolution in the Swedish Innovation System
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In theory, innovation processes lie behind the evolution of national systems as they create interacting dynamics among organisations. Institutions and policies are considered means for influencing these interactive dynamics, such as shifting innovative focus from traditional to environmentally oriented production, more environmentally friendly types of energy use, or environmental protection measures, products or services. Institutions and policies are thus considered drivers of change in technologies, processes, markets, raw materials or organisational forms--innovation in a Schumpeterian sense. Shifts in energy sources, from fossil to non-fossil sources, among organisations in the Swedish innovation system therefore call for explanations in terms of changed institutions and policies and their resulting eco-innovations. This paper looks more closely into climate gas emission and the shift to non-fossil energy in Sweden; what types of organisations are behind the shift to non-fossil energy use, what are the relative effects on emissions, to what extent can these interactive dynamics be considered eco-innovations, and if so, can they be related to specific institutions and policies? Quantitative analysis of evolving innovation processes in national systems is not always possible due to a lack of reliable and multi-level time-series data sets. This is also true for eco-innovations ('green' innovations). In the Swedish case, there are detailed data sets at national, regional, organisational and employee levels, making possible the estimation of evolutionary models. Register data can be merged with time series on environmental energy consumption and emissions. Data allow for a detailed analysis of environmentally oriented innovation from at least 2003. Analyses in this paper are based on time-series of data on the recent shift from fossil to non-fossil energy sources in the Swedish innovation system, as well as data on emissions, and potentially innovation promoting parameters at organisational and employee levels. Methods are quantitative, and Cox regression is used. Previous investigations of the energy use of Swedish organisations reveal a clear shift from fossil to non-fossil energy use. This is described both in terms of cumulative energy use and effects on emissions of carbon dioxide. Data provide us with information for conclusions on why energy sources change and in interaction with what organisational parameters. For example, wood fuel and solid waste increase as sources of energy while fossil oil has decreased during the years 2003 to 2010. This result is in line with national industrial and environmental policies and presented as institutionally and policy related 'green innovation'. But a quantitative analysis contests such a conclusion and it is noticed that the shift to non-fossil sources of energy has not led to verifiable decreases in green-house gas emissions. Public ownership is the single most important contributor to green innovation in non-fossil energy use. Still, CO2emissions are not fundamentally reduced by this low-tech shift, since they do not affect end-of-pipe reductions. What we observe is in fact wind-fall gains rather than eco-innovations behind the Swedish shift from fossil to non-fossil energy use.
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| 5. |
- Sandberg, Mikael, 1956-
(författare)
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”Demokratin i Sverige bättre än någonsin”
- 2013
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Ingår i: Dagens Nyheter. - Stockholm : Dagens Nyheter.
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- ”Demokratin i Sverige bättre än någonsin”. Ett demokratiindex visar att demokratin i Sverige är i bra skick. Ulf Bjereld och Marie Demker är ute i ogjort väder, skriver statsvetarprofessorn Mikael Sandberg.
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| 6. |
- Sandberg, Mikael, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Demokratins evolution
- 2012
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Ingår i: Gaudeamus. - Stockholm : Stockholms universitets studentkår. - 0016-5247. ; 88:1, s. 14-15
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Forskningsöversikt (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Antalet människor som lever i demokratier världen över ökar med tiden. Men är demokrati något som utvecklas i varje land steg för steg, eller är det en egenskap som ”smittar” mellan länder? Analyser på Centrum för evolutionär kulturforskning vid Stockholms universitet visar att demokratisering gick långsamt på 1800-talet – men numera går fort.
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| 7. |
- Sandberg, Mikael, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Evolution of Green Innovation in Sweden: Models, Management, Policies
- 2011
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Ingår i: Evolution of Green Innovation in Sweden: Models, Management, Policies.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Quantitative analysis of the evolution of innovations at national systems level is not alwayspossible due to the lack of reliable, comprehensive and adequate data sets. Therefore, managerialpractice among organizations as well as policy decision making are often myopic anduninformed about actual dynamics.In the Swedish case, there are promising data sets, even if the adequacy of existing variabledefinitions needs to be explored and debated. Official data collected by the central statisticsauthority SCB (Statistics Sweden) includes several potentially relevant variables on all privateand public organizations in Sweden and their employees. These data are compiled into timeseries for a number of years which allows for longitudinal analysis. Data can also be mergedwith other data sets on the environmental goods and services sector and energy consumption dataand therefore allow for a detailed “demographic” or “population ecology” analysis ofenvironmentally oriented or friendly innovation since at least 2003. Halmstad University hasrecently gained full access to these data.In this paper, these databases are described in some detail. Problems of definitions andmeasurement are particularly discussed, and some initial descriptive statistics are presented.Further, the paper advocates the use of models inspired by population ecology and demographyin analyzing existing data. In particular it is suggested that interactive diffusion models mayenhance the understanding of the evolution of green innovations and their dynamics. It is alsosuggested that multi-level regression analysis is applicable in estimating the power of factors thatbring progress to the “greening” of the Swedish innovation system.Together, such models are potentially useful in forecasting the development of innovationsystems. The models can also be used in generating, testing by simulating and thus evaluatingapproaches to management of innovation and innovation policy implementation. A dynamicunderstanding of the “greening” of the innovation system is a critical asset in the development oftools to be used for continuous improvements in both policy making and the management ofinnovation in organizations.
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| 8. |
- Sandberg, Mikael, 1956-
(författare)
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Perspektiv : Hur demokratiskt är Sverige?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Magasinet Neo. - Stockholm : Neo samhällsmagasin, webb och idégalleri. ; :6, s. 61-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 9. |
- Sandberg, Mikael, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Political Institutions and Their Historical Dynamics
- 2012
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 7:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Traditionally, political scientists define political institutions deductively. This approach may prevent from discovery of existing institutions beyond the definitions. Here, a principal component analysis was used for an inductive extraction of dimensions in Polity IV data on the political institutions of all nations in the world the last two centuries. Three dimensions of institutions were revealed: core institutions of democracy, oligarchy, and despotism. We show that, historically and on a world scale, the dominance of the core institutions of despotism has first been replaced by a dominance of the core institutions of oligarchy, which in turn is now being followed by an increasing dominance by the core institutions of democracy. Nations do not take steps from despotic, to oligarchic and then to democratic institutions, however. Rather, nations hosting the core democracy institutions have succeeded in historically avoiding both the core institutions of despotism and those of oligarchy. On the other hand, some nations have not been influenced by any of these dimensions, while new institutional combinations are increasingly influencing others. We show that the extracted institutional dimensions do not correspond to the Polity scores for autocracy, “anocracy” and democracy, suggesting that changes in regime types occur at one level, while institutional dynamics work on another. Political regime types in that sense seem “canalized”, i.e., underlying institutional architectures can and do vary, but to a considerable extent independently of regime types and their transitions. The inductive approach adds to the deductive regime type studies in that it produces results in line with modern studies of cultural evolution and memetic institutionalism in which institutions are the units of observation, not the nations that acts as host for them.
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| 10. |
- Sandberg, Mikael, 1956-
(författare)
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Politiserade valforskare
- 2014
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Ingår i: Axess. - Stockholm : Axess publishing. - 1651-0941. ; :2, s. 32-33
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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