| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Bongini, L, et al.
(författare)
-
Freezing immunoglobulins to see them move
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424. ; 101:17, s. 6466-6471
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The issue of protein dynamics and its implications in the biological function of proteins are arousing greater and greater interest in different fields of molecular biology. In cryo-electron tomography experiments one may take several snapshots of a given biological macromolecule. In principle, a large enough collection of snapshots of the molecule may then be used to calculate its equilibrium configuration in terms of the experimentally accessible degrees of freedom and, hence, to estimate its potential energy. This information would be crucial in order to analyze the biological functions of biomolecules by directly accessing the relevant dynamical indicators. In this article, we analyze the results of cryo-electron tomography experiments performed on monoclonal murine IgG2a antibodies. We measure the equilibrium distribution of the molecule in terms of the relevant angular coordinates and build a mechanical model of the antibody dynamics. This approach enables us to derive an explicit expression of the IgG potential energy. Furthermore, we discuss the configuration space at equilibrium in relation to results from other techniques, and we set our discussion in the context of the current debate regarding conformation and flexibility of antibodies.
|
|
| 3. |
- Lennmarken, Claes, 1948-, et al.
(författare)
-
Victims of awareness
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 0001-5172 .- 1399-6576. ; 46, s. 229-231
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
- Sandin, Per, et al.
(författare)
-
Precautionary defaults - A new strategy for chemical risk management
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1080-7039 .- 1549-7860. ; 10, s. 1-18
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to give adequate support to risk managers, new risk assessment methods should be developed that are (1) scientifically sound, (2) simplified, and (3) suited for precautionary risk management. In this Perspective we propose that the notion of a precautionary default can be a useful tool in the development of such methods. A precautionary default is a cautious or pessimistic assumption that is used in the absence of adequate information and that should be replaced when such information is obtained. Furthermore, we point out some promising research areas for the development of such indicators, viz. connections between chemical characteristics such as persistence and effect parameters, monitoring of contaminants in polar regions, monitoring of contaminants in breast milk, application of results from (human) toxicology in ecotoxicology and vice versa, (eco) toxicological test systems that are sensitive to effects on reproduction, and the application of bioinformatic methods to complex data, both in genomic research and in ecotoxicology. We conclude that precautionary decision-making does not require less science, but to the contrary it requires more science and improved communication between scientists and risk managers.
|
|
| 6. |
- Sandin, P., et al.
(författare)
-
The default value approach to the precautionary principle
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. - 1080-7039 .- 1549-7860. ; 8:3, s. 463-471
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In science, when information is lacking, the reasonable response is to suspend judgement. When incomplete scientific information is to be used for decision-making purposes, such as regulation, the option of suspending judgement is not available. In such situations the precautionary principle may be used. One of several problems with the precautionary principle is that it is poorly defined and difficult to operationalize. We propose a way of operationalizing the precautionary principle through assigning cautious default values to variables that are needed in the risk analysis but are nevertheless unknown. A formalized model is introduced, in which the precautionary principle is interpreted in terms of default values of chemicals regulation. Four different methods for choosing default values (positive list, negative list, statistical expectation, and precaution) are discussed.
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
