| 1. |
- Becker, Matthias, et al.
(author)
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Dynamic Power Management for Thermal Control of Many-Core Real-Time Systems
- 2014
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In: Sigbed Review. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 1551-3688. ; 11:3, s. 26-29
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Many-Core systems, processors incorporating numerous cores interconnected by a Network on Chip (NoC), provide the computing power needed by future applications. High power density caused by the steadily shrinking transistor size, which is still following Moore's law, leads to a number of problems such as overheating cores, affecting processor reliability and lifetime. Embedded real-time systems are exposed to a changing ambient temperature and thus need to adapt their configuration in order to keep the individual core temperature below critical values. %Targeting embedded real-time systems, systems need to adapt to changing environments. In our approach a hysteresis controller is implemented on each core, triggering a redistribution of the cores and the transition into idle state allowing the core to cool down. We propose two approaches, one global and one local approach, to redistribute the tasks and relive overheating cores during runtime. We evaluate the two proposed approaches by comparing them against each other based on simulations.
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| 2. |
- Becker, Matthias, et al.
(author)
-
Increased Reliability of Many-Core Platforms through Thermal Feedback Control
- 2014
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In: Performance, Power and Predictability of Many-Core Embedded Systems 3PMCES'14. - Dresden, Germany.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper we present a low overhead thermal management approach to increase reliability of many-core embedded real-time systems. Each core is controlled by a feedback controller. We adapt the utilization of the core in order to decrease the dynamic power consumption and thus the corresponding heat development. Sophisticated control mechanisms allow us to migrate the load in advance, before reaching critical temperature values and thus we can migrate in a safe way with a guarantee to meet all deadlines.
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| 3. |
- Becker, Matthias, et al.
(author)
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Mapping Real-Time Tasks onto Many-Core Systems considering Message Flows
- 2014
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In: Proceedings of the Work-in-Progress Session of the 20th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium. - Berlin, Germany. ; , s. 17-18
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this work we focus on the task mapping problem for many-core real-time systems. The growing number of cores connected by a Network-on-Chip (NoC) calls for sophisticated mapping techniques to meet the growing demands of real-time applications. Hardware should be used in an efficient way such that unnecessary resource usage is avoided. Because of the NP-hardness of the problem, heuristic and meta-heuristic techniques are used to find good solutions. We further consider periodic communication between tasks and we focus on a static mapping solution.
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| 4. |
- Faragardi, Hamid Reza, et al.
(author)
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An efficient scheduling of AUTOSAR runnables to minimize communication cost in multi-core systems
- 2014
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In: 2014 7th International Symposium on Telecommunications, IST 2014. - 9781479953592 ; , s. 41-48
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The AUTOSAR consortium has developed as the worldwide standard for automotive embedded software systems. From a processor perspective, AUTOSAR was originally developed for single-core processor platforms. Recent trends have raised the desire for using multi-core processors to run AUTOSAR software. However, there are several challenges in reaching a highly efficient and predictable design of AUTOSAR-based embedded software on multi-core processors. In this paper a solution framework comprising both the mapping of runnables onto a set of tasks and the scheduling of the generated task set on a multi-core processor is suggested. The goal of the work presented in this paper is to minimize the overall inter-runnable communication cost besides meeting all corresponding timing and precedence constraints. The proposed solution framework is evaluated and compared with an exhaustive method to demonstrate the convergence to an optimal solution. Since the exhaustive method is not applicable for large size instances of the problem, the proposed framework is also compared with a well-known meta-heuristic algorithm to substantiate the capability of the frameworks to scale up. The experimental results clearly demonstrate high efficiency of the solution in terms of both communication cost and average processor utilization.
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| 5. |
- Hallmans, Daniel, et al.
(author)
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GPGPU for Industrial Control Systems
- 2013
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In: 18th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation ETFA'13. - 9781479908622 ; , s. Article number 6648166-
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this work in progress paper we present parts of our ongoing work on using the Graphical Processing Unit (GPU) in the context of Embedded Systems. As a first step we are investigating the possibility to move functions from a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) to a GPU. If it is possible to make such a migration then it would simplify the hardware designs for some embedded systems by removing external hardware and also remove a potential life cycle issue with obsolete components. We are currently designing a test system to be able to compare performance between a legacy control system used today in industry, based on a CPU/DSP combination, to a new design with a CPU/GPU combination. In this setting the pre-filtering of sampled data, previously done in the DSP, is moved to the GPU.
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| 6. |
- Lednicki, Luka, et al.
(author)
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Device Utilization Analysis for IEC 61499 Systems in Early Stages of Development
- 2013
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In: IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation. - : IEEE. - 9781479908622 ; , s. Article number 6647970-
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Model-driven and component-based approaches, such as the IEC~61499 standard, allow us to apply analysis to systems in early stages of development. When applied to embedded systems, early analysis can help guide the development process of both the software and the hardware platform, and thus reduce the time and cost of the development. In this paper we present a method for early analysis of device utilization for IEC~61499 systems. The method is based on determining device-specific worst-case execution time of each activity in the application. For this, we use timing information for individual algorithms together with IEC~61499 software and platform models. We provide a prototype implementation integrated in an open-source development environment.
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| 7. |
- Pei-Breivold, Hongyu, et al.
(author)
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Virtualize for Architecture Sustainability in Industrial Automation
- 2013
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The technique of virtualization and cloud computing to manage system functionality and resources regardless of their physical locations is changing the way businesses and users interact with IT resources. Although several commercially available virtualization solutions already exist in the market, both for server and embedded real-time based systems, the deployment of virtualization and cloud-based technologies into the industrial automation domain is new. In this paper, we will first present the emerging trends of industrial automation domain and identify the architectural sustainability challenges that follow. Based on these challenges, we will then analyze how virtualization technology can contribute to cope with them, as well as the additional opportunities that it brings to industrial automation domain. The contributions of this paper are (1) to communicate the main trends happening in industrial automation, (2) clarify the architecture sustainability challenges that the automation domain is facing, and (3) identify the potentials of further utilizing virtualization technology in the industry domain.
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| 8. |
- Pei-Breivold, Hongyu, et al.
(author)
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Virtualize for Test Environment in Industrial Automation
- 2014
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In: 20th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation ETFA'15.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Performing system test for large-scale industrial systems is a challenging activity due to the complexity involved in managing the variety of distributed hardware systems in general, and the hardware-related challenges in test environment in particular. Virtualization technology opens up the possibility to address these challenges, e.g., with respect to cost efficient scalability. In this paper, we identify hardware-related challenges in the test environment for industrial automation systems, identify relevant research studies that address these issues using virtualization technology, and analyze their applicability in the industry domain. In addition, we analyze the impacts of virtualization on essential industrial system requirements with respect to performance, timing, reliability, availability, and safety in the industrial automation domain, and we discuss further limitations in the virtualized test environment.
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| 9. |
- Sandström, Kristian, et al.
(author)
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On Jitter in Time Partitioned Real-Time Systems
- 2012
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In: Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation (ETFA), 2012 IEEE 17th Conference on. - 9781467347358 ; , s. 1-4
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Recent trends towards adopting hypervisors, hierarchical scheduling, and other virtualization technologies that achieve partitioned access to the CPU and other resources impose significant impact with respect to jitter performance in embedded real-time systems. In this paper we make a first step towards characterization, modeling and calculation of this jitter.
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| 10. |
- Sandström, Kristian, et al.
(author)
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Virtualization Technologies in Embedded Real-Time Systems
- 2013
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Virtualization is a promising solution to develop complex embedded systems with real-time requirements. This paper discusses the current state-of-the-art in virtualization technologies, with a particular focus on solutions for embedded real-time systems. Several such solutions have been developed over the past decade, and in this paper we give an overview of the more well known technologies and we provide a comparative assessment of key virtualization techniques available in these solutions. Gaps and lacking pieces are identified and further development and research is suggested.
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