| 1. |
- Lestari, Septi K, et al.
(författare)
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Diversity in the Factors Associated with ADL-Related Disability among Older People in Six Middle-Income Countries : A Cross-Country Comparison
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 16:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are experiencing rapid population ageing, yet knowledge about disability among older populations in these countries is scarce. This study aims to identify the prevalence and factors associated with disability among people aged 50 years and over in six LMICs. Cross-sectional data from the World Health Organization (WHO) Study on global AGEing and adult health Wave 1 (2007-2010) in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, the Russian Federation, and South Africa was used. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were undertaken to examine the association between sociodemographic factors, health behaviours, chronic conditions, and activities of daily living (ADL) disability. The prevalence of disability among older adults ranged from 16.2% in China to 55.7% in India. Older age, multimorbidity, and depression were the most common factors related to disability in all six countries. Gender was significant in China (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.01-1.29), Ghana (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.01-1.48) and India (OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.37-1.99). Having no access to social capital was significantly associated with ADL disability in China (OR = 2.57, 95% CI: 1.54-4.31) and South Africa (OR = 4.11, 95% CI: 1.79-9.43). Prevalence data is valuable in these six ageing countries, with important evidence on mitigating factors for each. Identifying determinants associated with ADL disability among older people in LMICs can inform how to best implement health prevention programmes considering different country-specific factors.
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| 2. |
- Ng, Nawi, et al.
(författare)
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Sitting time and obesity among older adults in low- and middle-income countries
- 2017
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Ingår i: European Journal of Public Health. - : OXFORD UNIV PRESS. - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 27:Suppl_3, s. 415-416
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Global industrialisation and economic development lead to changes in physical activity patterns with more sedentary behaviours and increasing sitting time, which are related to obesity. This study aims to identify the association between sedentary behaviour and obesity among older people aged 50+ in six low- and middle-income countries.Methods: This study utilises data from the WHO's Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, the Russian Federation and South Africa. Physical activity level was measured using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire Version 2 and daily sitting time was recorded in hour. Overweight and obesity was measured through height and weight, with BMI > =25. We conducted logistic regression to analyse the association between physical activity level and total daily sitting time and obesity, controlling for age, sex, highest education level, and living area.Results: Overweight and obesity prevalence ranged from 14% in India to 76% in the Russian Federation, and was significantly higher among women. The prevalence of low-to-moderate physical activity ranged from 36% in Ghana to 76% in South Africa. About 25% of the Russian population sat 2 hours or less daily, in contrast to 83% of the Mexican population who did so. Sitting more than 2 hours a day increased the odds of overweight and obesity (odds ratio 1.18; 95% confidence interval 1.09-1.29). The associated odds were 1.21 (95%CI 1.08-1.35) and 1.41 (95%CI 1.27-1.56) for those with moderate and low physical activity, compared to those who were more active.Conclusions: Independent of physical activity level during work, leisure and transport, longer daily sitting time is significantly associated with obesity among older adults. Public health intervention to promote physical activity among older people is crucial in preventing premature chronic disease deaths and promoting active and healthy ageing.Key messages:The levels of sedentary behaviours among older people in low-and middle-income country are worrying, and are significantly associated with the level of obesity.Reducing sitting time and promoting physical activity among older people are essential strategies to prevent obesity and its impacts on chronic disease and ensuring an active and healthy ageing.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Santosa, Ailiana, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Achieving a 25% reduction in premature non-communicable disease mortality : the Swedish population as a cohort study
- 2015
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Ingår i: BMC Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1741-7015. ; 13:65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The 2012 World Health Assembly set a target for Member States to reduce premature non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality by 25% over the period 2010 to 2025. This reflected concerns about increasing NCD mortality burdens among productive adults globally.OBJECTIVES: We firstly considered whether the WHO target of a 25% reduction in the unconditional probability of dying between ages of 30 and 70 from NCDs (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory diseases) had already taken place in Sweden during an equivalent 15-year period. Secondly, we assessed which population sub-groups had been more or less successful in contributing to overall changes in premature NCD mortality in Sweden.METHODS: A retrospective dynamic cohort database was constructed from Swedish population registers in the Linnaeus database, covering the entire population in the age range 30-69 years for the period 1991 to 2006, which was used directly to measure reductions in premature NCD mortality. Multivariate Poisson regression models were used to assess the contributions of individual background factors to decreases in premature NCD mortality.RESULTS: A total of 292,320 deaths occurred in the 30-69 year age group during the period 1991 to 2006, against 70,768,848 person-years registered. The crude all-cause mortality rate declined from 5.03 to 3.72 per 1,000 person-years, a 26% reduction. Within this, the unconditional probability of dying between the ages of 30 and 70 from NCD causes as defined by WHO fell by 30.0%. Age was consistently the strongest determinant of NCD mortality. Background determinants of NCD mortality changed significantly over the four time periods 1991-1994, 1995-1998, 1999-2002 and 2003-2006.CONCLUSIONS: Sweden, now at a late stage of epidemiological transition, has already exceeded the 25% premature NCD mortality reduction target during an earlier 15-year period. This should be encouraging news for countries currently implementing premature NCD mortality reduction programmes. Our findings suggest, however, that it may be difficult for Sweden and other late-transition countries to reach the current 25x25 target, particularly where substantial premature mortality reductions have already been achieved.
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| 5. |
- Santosa, Ailiana, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Diverse empirical evidence on epidemiological transition in low- and middle-income countries : population-based findings from INDEPTH Network data
- 2016
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 11:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Low-and middle-income countries are often described as being at intermediate stages of epidemiological transition, but there is little population-based data with reliable cause of death assignment to examine the situation in more detail. Non-communicable diseases are widely seen as a coming threat to population health, alongside receding burdens of infection. The INDEPTH Network has collected empirical population data in a number of health and demographic surveillance sites in low-and middle-income countries which permit more detailed examination of mortality trends over time.Objective To examine cause-specific mortality trends across all ages at INDEPTH Network sites in Africa and Asia during the period 1992-2012. Emphasis is given to the 15-64 year age group, which is the main focus of concern around the impact of the HIV pandemic and emerging non-communicable disease threats.Methods INDEPTH Network public domain data from 12 sites that each reported at least five years of cause-specific mortality data were used. Causes of death were attributed using standardised WHO verbal autopsy methods, and mortality rates were standardised for comparison using the INDEPTH standard population. Annual changes in mortality rates were calculated for each site.Results A total of 96,255 deaths were observed during 9,487,418 person years at the 12 sites. Verbal autopsies were completed for 86,039 deaths (89.4%). There were substantial variations in mortality rates between sites and over time. HIV-related mortality played a major part at sites in eastern and southern Africa. Deaths in the age group 15-64 years accounted for 43% of overall mortality. Trends in mortality were generally downwards, in some cases quite rapidly so. The Bangladeshi sites reflected populations at later stages of transition than in Africa, and were largely free of the effects of HIV/AIDS.Conclusions To some extent the patterns of epidemiological transition observed followed theoretical expectations, despite the impact of the HIV pandemic having a major effect in some locations. Trends towards lower overall mortality, driven by decreasing infections, were the general pattern. Low-and middle-income country populations appear to be in an era of rapid transition.
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| 6. |
- Santosa, Ailiana, et al.
(författare)
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Inequality in disability-free life expectancies among older men and women in six countries with developing economies.
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of epidemiology and community health. - : BMJ. - 1470-2738 .- 0143-005X. ; 70:9, s. 855-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is unclear whether the increase in life expectancy (LE) globally is coupled with a postponement of morbidity and disability. Evidence on trends and determinants of disability-free life expectancies (DFLEs) are available in high-income countries but less in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study examines the levels of and inequalities in LE, disability and DFLE between men and women across different age groups aged 50 years and over in six countries with developing economies.This study utilised the cross-sectional data (n=32724) from the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, the Russian Federation and South Africa in 2007-2010. Disability was measured with the activity of daily living (ADL) instrument. The DFLE was estimated using the Sullivan method based on the standard period life table and ADL-disability proportions.The disability prevalence ranged from 13% in China to 54% in India. The prevalence of disability was highest and occurred at younger age in both sexes in India. Women were more disadvantaged with higher prevalence of disability across all age groups, and the situation was worst among older women in Mexico and the Russian Federation. Though women had higher LE, their proportion of remaining LE free from disability was lower than men.There are inequalities in the levels of disability and DFLE among men and women in different age groups among people aged over 50 years in these six countries. Countermeasures to decrease intercountry and gender gaps in DFLE, including improvements in health promotion and healthcare distribution, with a gender equity focus, are needed.
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| 7. |
- Santosa, Ailiana, 1976-
(författare)
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Where are the world’s disease patterns heading? : The challenges of epidemiological transition
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological transition theory, first postulated by Omran in 1971, provides a useful framework for understanding cause-specific mortality changes and may contribute usefully to predictions about cause-specific mortality. However, understandings of mortality transitions and associated epidemiological changes remain poorly defined for public health practitioners due to lack of evidence from low- and middle-income countries. Therefore, understanding of the concept and development of epidemiological transition theory as well as population burden of premature mortality attributable to risk factors is needed.OBJECTIVES: This thesis aims to understand how epidemiological transition theory has been applied in different contexts, using available evidence on mortality transitions from high, middle- and low- income countries, as well as the contribution of risk factors to mortality transitions, particularly for premature mortality.METHODS: A Medline literature search from 1971 to 2013 was conducted to synthesise published evidence on mortality transition (paper I). A descriptive analysis of trends in cause of death using INDEPTH data was conducted, focusing on specific causes of death in 12 INDEPTH sites in Africa and Asia, using the INDEPTH 2013 standard population structure for appropriate comparisons across sites (paper II). A retrospective dynamic cohort database was constructed from Swedish population registers for the age range 30-69 years during 1991-2006, to measure reductions in premature non-communicable disease mortality using a life table method (paper III). Prospective cohort data from Västerbotten Intervention Programme from 1990 to 2006 were used to measure the magnitude of premature non-communicable disease mortality reductions associated with risk factor changes for each period of time (paper IV).FINDINGS: There were changes in emphasis in research on epidemiological transition over the four decades from 1971 to 2013, from cause of death to wide-ranging aspects of the determinants of mortality with increasing research interests in low-and middle-income countries, with some unconsidered aspects of social determinants contributing to deviations from classic theoretical pathways. Mortality rates declined in most sites, with the annual reductions in premature adult mortality varied across INDEPTH sites, Sweden, which now is at late stage of epidemiological transition stage, achieved a 25% reduction in premature mortality during 1991-2006. Overall downward trends in risk factors have helped to reduce premature mortality in the population of Västerbotten County, but some benefits were offset by other increasing risks. The largest mortality changes accrued from reductions in smoking, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia.CONCLUSIONS: This thesis established patterns of current epidemiological transition in high, middle-and low-income countries (Asia and Africa), where the theory fits the transition patterns in some countries, but with some needs for further adjustments in other settings, as well as deviations from the classical ET theory in the last four decades. It highlights the need to identify the burden of mortality and morbidity, particularly for reducing mortality occurring before the age of 70 years and its attribution to risk factors, which are a major public health challenge. This informs shifting of public health priorities and resources towards prevention and control of chronic non-communicable disease risk factors.
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| 8. |
- Zhang, Yue, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence and the association of body mass index and other risk factors with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes among 50,867 adults in China and Sweden: A cross-sectional study
- 2019
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Ingår i: Diabetes Therapy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1869-6953 .- 1869-6961. ; 10:6, s. 2061-2077
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction Understanding socioeconomic differences for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) can offer guidance for the most effective development of both prevention and intervention programmes in different settings. This study aims to determine the prevalence and risk factors for prediabetes and T2DM and to explore the effect of high body mass index (BMI) on the probability of T2DM being present among adults in China and Sweden. Methods This study enrolled 25,356 adults (35-64 years old) from the Shanghai Survey in China and 25,511 adults (aged 40, 50, 60) from the Vasterbotten Intervention Programme in Sweden. Data on haemoglobin A1c, capillary fasting plasma glucose, 2-h plasma glucose and self-reported diagnoses of T2DM were used in the analysis. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the determinants of prediabetes and T2DM. The average predicted probabilities of T2DM developing or presenting were determined for the different ages and levels of BMI in each population. Results Chinese participants had a higher adjusted prevalence of T2DM (men 12.8% vs. 4.6%; women 10.6% vs. 3.1%) and prediabetes (men 12.4% vs. 12.2%; women 14.4% vs. 12.2%) than Swedish participants. Age, overweightedness/obesity, hypertension and a family history of diabetes were significant risk factors for prediabetes and T2DM. In both populations, the predicted probability of T2DM increased as the BMI increased in all age groups. At the same BMI level, Chinese participants were more likely to have T2DM compared to their Swedish counterparts. The average predicted probability of T2DM was less than 20% in nearly all age groups among Swedish women. Conclusions Chinese adults had the higher prevalence of prediabetes and T2DM and a higher probability of T2DM at the same BMI level compared with Swedish adults. These results indicate the importance of addressing the ongoing obesity epidemic as a matter of urgency in order to curb what has become an apparent diabetes epidemic in both countries.
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